Power 12V23A battery technology "parade" Who is the future of new energy vehicles?

We have to admit that in the past hundred years, mankind has made full use of the generous gift of noble nature - fossil energy. It is also fossil energy that has ignited the prairie fire from industrial civilization to information civilization with its extraordinary energy density. Fuel vehicles based on the petroleum industry have excellently handled practical problems such as cruising range, comprehensive performance, fuel filling, and infrastructure. As the technology matures and the cost gradually decreases, it has also formed a strong path lock.

If new energy vehicles want to compete with traditional fuel vehicles or even replace them, I am afraid that they cannot rely solely on the introduction of policies and the change of public awareness. The progress and development of power lithium-ion battery technology is also crucial. From aluminum-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, to hydrogen fuel power lithium batteries, solid-state lithium-ion batteries, and then to existing conventional lithium-ion batteries, the dispute over various power lithium-ion battery technology routes has always been a hot topic in the industry.

We might as well "look up to the stars" and "keep our feet on the ground", starting from the future, and "parade" the power lithium-ion battery technology that may have the ability to compete in the Central Plains according to the core principles. Let's see which technology is the future of new energy vehicles?

Ideal aluminum-air battery car

Aluminum-air battery

If there is any reducing agent that can compete with hydrocarbons in terms of energy density, then everyone will invariably look to a specific position in the periodic table - those "small and beautiful" active metals; if there is any oxidant that is abundant, cheap and easy to obtain, then air is almost the only choice in everyone's mind. This is why metal-air batteries, which have the advantages of both, especially aluminum-air batteries with extremely abundant aluminum-related raw materials in the earth's crust as negative electrodes, attract a group of researchers to devote themselves to them.

First, a successful aluminum-air battery can solve the problem of vehicle endurance. The combination of aluminum negative electrode and air positive electrode is the best endorsement of energy density, and "traveling a thousand miles a day and walking eight hundred miles a night" is justified.

Secondly, a successful aluminum-air battery can solve the problem of vehicle charging. The "mechanical charging" of aluminum-air batteries by replacing the negative electrode is no less effective than the refueling of traditional fuel vehicles, and is as convenient and fast as Iron Man's energy block.

Again, the successful aluminum-air battery infrastructure is easy to use and build. Electrolytic aluminum facilities near renewable energy resource centers, coupled with a developed freight network, plus "mechanical charging" stations comparable to convenience stores, combined with the surface inertness of metal aluminum at room temperature and the environmentally friendly and easy-to-recycle characteristics of aluminum oxide, can almost build a perfect energy and transportation network closed loop.

Even if the overall energy cycle efficiency is not as good as that of 12V23A battery charging piles and battery swap stations, aluminum-air battery vehicles can "rule" the future of energy and transportation with the above three advantages alone.

However, there are considerable technical difficulties in realizing the use of aluminum-air battery technology, such as corrosion inhibition of aluminum negative electrodes, research and design of positive electrode oxygen absorption catalysts, and other multiple problems to be solved. It is no exaggeration to say that researchers who can overcome the above obstacles and realize the use of aluminum-air batteries in transportation are absolutely worthy of a heavy Nobel Prize.

"Hacked" lithium-sulfur battery car

Schematic diagram of the working principle of lithium-sulfur battery

Say goodbye to mileage anxiety, don't want to change batteries but only want to charge, the final form of lithium batteries, and research hotspots with mixed reputations... All the above descriptions point to the same technology, that is, lithium-sulfur battery technology.

Make the battery no less inferior to the fuel tank - a successful lithium-sulfur battery can also deal with the problem of endurance, which is also an advantage that its concept has at the time of its birth.

First of all, a successful lithium-sulfur battery can make vehicles say goodbye to the trouble of charging. When an electric car has a range of 700 kilometers, it is not only friendly to the power grid, but also brings a better user experience to the owner.

Secondly, a successful lithium-sulfur battery can be used with the infrastructure of conventional lithium-electric vehicles, and its excellent range has further reduced the demand for fast charging technology. Building a scientific and reasonable power transmission and distribution network and coordinating peak-valley price differences and market-based electricity prices can effectively coordinate the charging behavior of vehicles, and relying on a high proportion of renewable energy will help greatly increase the market share of electric vehicles.

However, like aluminum-air batteries, lithium-sulfur battery technology is also full of uncertainty. Significant changes in electrode structure, the shuttle effect of polysulfides, and difficult-to-control side reactions are all hindering the lithium-sulfur battery technology from moving from the laboratory to the market.

If the lithium-sulfur battery technology can be confirmed or disproven by actual use as soon as possible, it will undoubtedly be a good thing. If not, we can only hope that someone will "cheat" to do this in the future.

Pioneer fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles

Toyota and Honda, two major Japanese automakers, Hyundai and other Korean automakers, and European automakers that are catching up... Based on the high energy density and short refueling time of high-pressure hydrogen, fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles with "electricity-hydrogen-electricity" as the energy path are unique in terms of coolness.

Since its launch, Toyota Mirai fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles have achieved safe operation of about 100,000 kilometers of experimental vehicles, and what awaits it will be a challenge of 200,000 kilometers or more of cruising range. However, if the fuel-powered 12V23A battery can be equipped with an appropriate amount of lithium electricity, this extended-range fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicle may be more reliable.

Under perfect design conditions, the safety of fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles is not a problem - hydrogen quickly dissipates upward in an open environment. Moreover, what kind of vehicle with a long range is not a fuel pack?

The more worrying issues should be the life of the fuel-powered 12V23A battery stack, the high cost caused by the reliance on platinum-based catalysts, and the inefficiency of the "electricity-hydrogen-electricity" energy conversion path. Compared with lithium-ion vehicles of the same specifications, fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles are more expensive, and the primary energy consumption is basically twice that of the other party. In addition, hydrogen and liquid hydrogen are not suitable for long-distance transportation and storage, so fuel-powered 12V23A battery vehicles theoretically will not achieve a large-scale energy transportation network closed loop like aluminum-air battery vehicles. It is more reasonable to go from renewable energy bases to ultra-high voltage transmission, and then to on-site hydrogen production or medium- and short-distance transportation of hydrogen in urban areas. In addition, the construction of hydrogen refueling stations is almost equivalent to starting from scratch, and there are many challenges. Let's see how long it will take for the more than 300 hydrogen refueling stations in the world today to be increased to 1,000!

Solid-state lithium-ion vehicles facing challenges

The basic structure of solid-state lithium-ion batteries

If the lithium hexafluorophosphate-based electrolyte in the current lithium-ion power lithium-ion battery is replaced with a solid electrolyte, the corresponding vehicle's cruising range, safety and environmental friendliness can be further improved. It can be said that solid-state lithium-ion vehicles are the final form of lithium-ion vehicles using traditional positive electrode systems. In addition to universities and research institutes, many companies in the power lithium-ion battery vehicle industry chain have invested huge efforts in relevant technology research and development. At present, the technical maturity of solid-state lithium batteries is higher than that of aluminum-air and lithium-sulfur batteries, but it is still inferior to fuel-powered lithium batteries.

Compared with existing lithium-ion vehicles, the cruising range of solid-state lithium-ion vehicles is expected to be greatly improved. Although it may not be better than traditional fuel vehicles, it can greatly alleviate the range anxiety problem. Because there are shortcomings in rate performance, solid-state lithium-ion vehicles have a long charging time. The solution may include the aforementioned distribution network and pricing mechanism, charging and swapping coordination system, etc., so it will not bring too much additional infrastructure burden (compared to the large-scale use of lithium-ion vehicles). In addition, the use of power-type conventional lithium batteries and high-energy-density solid-state lithium batteries together can also build a "plug-in hybrid" system for lithium-ion vehicles. Of course, the impact of the fast-charging demand of power-type lithium batteries on the current power system (when the total scale is large and the charging is disordered) must be taken seriously.

In order to promote the use of solid-state 12V23A battery technology, the behavior of the "electrolyte-electrode" solid interface, the improvement of rate performance in non-high-temperature environments, and the repeatability of the performance of different batches of batteries are all issues to be addressed. It is true that the solution is full of challenges, but challenges also mean more wonderful possibilities.

Forward-looking progress lithium-ion vehicles

Starting from the future, we will return to reality little by little.

Adjust the positive and negative electrodes of the current lithium-ion batteries to high-specific capacity directions such as high-nickel ternary materials and silicon-carbon composite materials under the condition of ensuring safety, optimize battery specifications, gradually establish a battery recycling system, combine the battery-based redesign of the vehicle platform and the lightweight body, and vigorously build intelligent infrastructure for transmission, distribution, charging and replacement, etc., we can see that lithium-ion vehicles have made considerable progress.

Perhaps the current lithium-ion vehicles still have many problems such as mileage anxiety, but with the continuous improvement of infrastructure, the anxious hearts of car owners can be comforted to a considerable extent; perhaps the current lithium-ion vehicles will be replaced within ten years, but ten years is also considered an acceptable period; perhaps the current lithium-ion vehicles are still suffering from controversy in terms of resource recycling and environmental protection, but at least they can make most people affordable, worry-free and at ease.

Overall, the industry will face a reshuffle in the next ten years. After the reshuffle, the surviving lithium-ion companies will reach the technological heights within their vision, allowing the lithium-ion vehicle industry to mature and expand the number of new energy vehicles in my country and even the world to a foreseeable share.

Actual conventional lithium-ion vehicles

are right in front of us, today.

Lack of exclusive electric vehicle platforms, mileage anxiety, especially in winter, still insufficient infrastructure, endless "subsidy fraud" incidents, pain after subsidy reduction, and research on cascade utilization and resource recycling that has yet to be demonstrated... These are the troubles that conventional lithium-ion battery vehicles are facing.

It may be the second car for a well-off family, or it may be a helpless choice after a lottery failed.

It may be the best choice for many big cities to reduce pollution, but it also bears the stigma of "electricity comes from coal" and "transferring pollution".

It really bears the expectations of emerging industries to "overtake on the curve" and improve environmental conditions, but it also has many disadvantages such as many performance shortcomings, insufficient cruising range, and especially the lack of a recycling system.

There are too many areas for improvement, but we should always believe that the road is under our feet and our feet are longer than the road.

Conclusion

What awaits us in the future may be the era of dreams - aluminum-air battery cars and lithium-sulfur battery cars can be widely popularized, the use of renewable energy in the transportation system has formed a real closed loop, and fuel vehicles have been completely eliminated; or it may be an era of hegemony among the three major technologies of solid-state lithium batteries, fuel-powered lithium batteries and hybrid power; or it may be an unpleasant era - the mileage anxiety of lithium-ion battery cars is still there, people complain about high oil prices, and the recycling of power lithium-ion batteries has become a problem...

The future depends on our choices, but no matter what, we should not stop in the era of fuel vehicles.

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