Introduction to ternary 6F22 carbon battery technology

The 18650 battery was once a legend of Tesla. Now, with the mass production of Model 3, the historical mission of the 18650 battery is about to end. All Tesla models may be replaced by 2170 batteries. What is the reason behind it?

1. What are the composition and classification of lithium batteries?

Lithium batteries refer to batteries containing lithium in the electrochemical system. They can be roughly divided into lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are commercially available because they do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. In terms of appearance, they are divided into cylindrical and square shapes. They are mainly composed of four parts: positive electrode material, negative electrode material, electrolyte, and diaphragm material.

Lithium-ion batteries are divided into different types of batteries due to different positive and negative electrode materials. For example, commonly used positive electrode materials include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate and ternary materials, and commonly used negative electrode materials include graphite carbon materials, tin-based materials, silicon-based materials, titanium-based materials, etc. Among them, lithium cobalt oxide is the positive electrode material used in most lithium batteries.

2. What is the technical direction of lithium batteries?

Ternary 6F22 carbon battery is also called ternary polymer 6F22 carbon battery. It refers to a battery with nickel, cobalt and manganese ternary materials as positive electrode materials and graphite as negative electrode materials. It uses nickel salt, cobalt salt and manganese salt as raw materials. The ratio of nickel, cobalt and manganese can be adjusted according to actual needs. This is the main technical direction of battery companies in Japan and South Korea; lithium iron phosphate battery is a battery with lithium iron phosphate as positive electrode material and graphite as negative electrode material. This is the main technical direction of BYD; lithium titanate battery is divided into two types. One is lithium titanate as negative electrode material, which can be combined with lithium manganate, ternary materials and lithium iron phosphate and other positive electrode materials to form a lithium-ion battery. This is the current main direction of Zhuhai Yinlong. The other is lithium titanate as positive electrode and lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode to form a lithium-ion battery.

3. What are the advantages of ternary 6F22 carbon battery?

The biggest advantage of ternary lithium batteries is their high energy storage density, which is usually above 200WH/kg. Compared with 90-120WH/kg of lithium iron phosphate, it is more suitable for the passenger car market's demand for range. However, the decomposition temperature of ternary 6F22 carbon battery materials is around 200°C, which will release oxygen molecules. Under high temperature, the electrolyte will burn rapidly, causing the battery to spontaneously combust and explode. Therefore, it has high requirements for battery management, and needs to do a good job of overcharge protection (OVP), over-discharge protection (UVP), over-temperature protection (OTP) and over-current protection (OCP). Therefore, although the installed capacity of ternary lithium batteries in my country's pure electric vehicle passenger market is as high as 76%, the installed capacity in electric buses is only 27.6%, while lithium iron phosphate has reached 64.9%.

4. Why did Tesla switch to 2170?

The 18650 and 2170 batteries used by Tesla are both ternary lithium batteries. The 18650 represents a cylindrical battery with a diameter of 18mm and a length of 65mm, while the 2170 battery represents a cylindrical battery with a diameter of 21mm and a length of 70mm. Due to the limited volume of Tesla's 18650 battery, it is impossible to increase the energy density and reduce the battery cost through process control and raw material perspectives. Therefore, the larger 2170 battery has become an inevitable choice. After the Model 3 is used first, the Model S and Model X are expected to be replaced later.

Musk claims that the 2170 battery is the battery with the highest energy density and the cheapest price in the world. Its energy density can reach 300WH/kg, which is nearly 20% higher than the 233WH/kg of 18650. However, its battery system cost is $155/WH, which is only $171/WH of 18650. The price reduction is limited and there is still a big gap from Musk's preset target of $100/WH. However, it is still a step forward. In the future, innovations in new battery materials should be made to reduce costs.

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