What progress has been made in Singapore's research on 3.7v 2200mah 18650 lithium battery and hydrogen energy?

　　First, let's take a look at Singapore's carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption structure. As can be seen from the left figure, Singapore's energy structure mainly uses crude oil. Everyone is very surprised that Singapore is a country with no resources and no water sources. Why does crude oil account for the vast majority of the energy structure? Here, I am very proud to tell you that Singapore is the third largest refining center in the world. Secondly, in order to reduce carbon emissions, natural gas is now used in large quantities. As can be seen from the middle figure, China's energy structure is still dominated by coal, of course, hydropower and renewable energy are gradually playing a role in promoting emission reduction. From the perspective of the world's energy consumption structure, it is still dominated by primary energy such as coal, natural gas and crude oil. We all need to continue to work hard to promote emission reduction and develop more feasible technologies for the use of renewable energy. From the left figure, you can see the trend of changes in Singapore's per capita carbon emissions in the past decade, so if we want to achieve a 36% reduction in carbon emission intensity by 2030, this challenge is quite large. The right figure introduces the structure of Singapore's carbon emissions, mainly in three aspects: electricity/heat energy, industry and transportation. From the upper left picture, if we look at it per dollar of GDP, Singapore's carbon emissions rank 123rd among 142 countries, but in terms of per capita carbon emissions, Singapore ranks 26th. This is because Singapore is small in area and has a large population density. Its area is one-twenty-second of Beijing's, but its population density is six times that of Beijing. The right picture is an estimate that Singapore's carbon emissions may reach 77.2 megatons in 2020.

　　Here, in order to further reduce carbon emissions, the Singapore government has made some medium- and long-term plans. We will reduce crude oil in our thermal power generation and add more natural gas to generate electricity. In addition, we encourage the whole people to use solar energy. How to encourage it? Now, solar panels are installed on the roofs of houses where ordinary people live, on the roofs of schools, and on the surface of reservoirs. The upper left picture shows Singapore's solar installed capacity, and the right picture shows the real-time solar power generation. This picture is online. Interested friends can log on to the website below to view all solar power generation in Singapore in real time.

　　Solar energy is an intermittent energy source. How to store it? The government has planned the development of 3.7v 2200mah 18650 lithium battery and hydrogen energy since 1998. The Fuel Cell Laboratory of Nanyang Technological University was born in this context and was established in 1998. One research group is not enough to complete all tasks. The development history of Singapore's main fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies is counted in this table. In 2009, in order to further integrate the use of various renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc., an Energy Research Institute was established at Nanyang Technological University in 2009. After the establishment of the Energy Research Institute, it first undertook two flagship projects, one of which was the Eco-campus, which would make full use of solar energy. At present, the solar energy installed capacity on the campus roof is 5 megawatts, and it will reach 9.9 megawatts in the future. This energy can meet 7%-10% of the university's energy use.

　　In addition, this is Singapore's renewable energy integration demonstration. If you are interested, you can search NTUREIDS-RenewableEnergyIntegrationDemonstratorSingapore on YouTube to see how our project integrates various renewable energy sources. I just introduced that solar energy is an intermittent energy source. But how to store intermittent energy is a hot topic at present. In Singapore, our team uses such an eco-city system to store oxygen and hydrogen from renewable solar energy through water electrolysis. Of course, insufficient hydrogen will be supplemented by reforming natural gas. In this way, fuel cell vehicles will have enough hydrogen. This is a schematic diagram comparing the differences between the old and new eco-city systems. The original energy storage system only had lithium batteries, and the current energy storage system has added water electrolysis to store excess solar energy. This diagram introduces the working principle of the renewable energy storage and application system. The green part is the discharge mode. When there is not enough electricity in the power grid or the HDB flats, hydrogen will be consumed to generate electricity. When there is excess electricity, electricity will be consumed to electrolyze water to generate hydrogen and oxygen for storage. This is the renewable energy storage and application system.

　　In order to achieve efficient water electrolysis, our team has done a lot of basic and applied research for this. Let me add that Singapore is very small. It is an island country surrounded by oceans. And most of the fresh water we drink is imported from Malaysia. It is impossible to electrolyze pure water. Our goal is to directly electrolyze seawater. In this context, we tried to directly electrolyze seawater through solid oxide electrolysis cells. As can be seen from the left figure, in a short period of time, the I-V curves of pure water and seawater are comparable. As can be seen from the upper right figure, in a long period of time, the decay rates of pure water and seawater are also comparable. In other words, the impurities in seawater will not affect the electrolysis efficiency of pure water and seawater in the solid oxide electrolysis cell within the scope of our research. From the microscopic structure, we did not find the components of the electrolyte in seawater. These components will not accumulate on the surface of the electrode particles, thereby affecting the electrochemical performance of the electrode. This figure introduces a simulation system we made. If a traditional solid oxide electrolysis cell is used, the main component of the fuel electrode is Ni-YSZ. We must at least circulate 6.2% of the hydrogen produced by electrolysis back to the fuel reaction chamber to keep the reaction chamber in a reducing atmosphere to ensure that Ni will not be oxidized to NiO and lose its catalytic activity. Our team began to develop LSCM electrode materials that are stable in both redox atmospheres in 2005. We use the wet chemical sol-gel method to synthesize this material. Its morphology is approximately spherical, and the powder particle size distribution is relatively narrow, but its yield is relatively low. To this end, we developed a new synthesis process, drawing on advanced ceramic molding technology and gel injection improved solid phase reaction synthesis process. The synthesized powder has a relatively uniform particle size distribution and a relatively small particle size. In this table, we compare different synthesis processes from eight aspects, including the source of raw materials, raw material cost, synthesis cycle, exhaust gas emissions, energy consumption, particle size distribution, electrochemical activity and industrialization degree. We can see that the gel injection improved solid phase reaction synthesis process is far superior to other synthesis processes.

　　We also discussed the effects of various impurity gases on lanthanum strontium chromium manganese electrode materials. Even in a sulfur-containing atmosphere, it still has good long-term effectiveness. Just now we have been discussing lanthanum strontium chromium manganese, which is a material that is stable in both redox atmospheres. We have an idea that ammonia is an important fertilizer raw material and the demand for ammonia is very large. If we use lanthanum strontium chromium manganese as an electrode battery to electrolyze and humidify air, can we get the synthetic raw materials for synthetic ammonia? To this end, we have carried out some related basic research on electrolyzing and humidifying air. Through gas chromatography analysis, we found a very interesting phenomenon. During the electrolysis process, the oxygen in the humidified air will be electrolyzed first. Then water will be electrolyzed to obtain hydrogen. Now, we have enlarged the sample to a working area of about ten square centimeters. At present, the test has been tested for more than 400 hours, and the test is relatively stable. We also compared the effects of electrolysis of pure water and seawater, and found that the long-term effect of electrolysis of seawater is slightly better than that of pure water. The specific mechanism is under in-depth study. From this figure, by comparing the new nickel-free solid oxide electrolytic cell and the traditional nickel-based solid oxide electrolytic cell, the battery power density, high tolerance to impurity gases, and sulfur resistance, we found that it is worth our in-depth study and commercial production.

　　We deal with hydrogen every day, and we also know the development of hydrogen, which has been commercialized for more than 50 years. It does not bring any burden to the atmosphere. However, everyone should always be vigilant when dealing with hydrogen, and safety is the first priority.

　　Energy conservation and emission reduction, green life, require your joint efforts. I am willing to work together with you to create a better future.

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