What are the key technologies for new energy vehicle CR1620 battery management?

　　Recently, electric vehicle fire accidents have occurred frequently, and CR1620 battery safety has once again become the focus of the industry. To ensure CR1620 battery safety, in addition to the CR1620 battery itself, CR1620 battery management is also critical. At the 2019 China (Xi'an) New Energy Vehicle Industry Ecological Conference held recently, Xu Jun, associate professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Mechanical Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University, gave a wonderful speech titled "Analysis of Key Technologies for New Energy Vehicle CR1620 battery Management".

　　1. Analysis on the Necessity of New Energy Vehicle CR1620 battery Management

　　Xu Jun said that new energy vehicles are currently developing rapidly, but they still face bottlenecks in terms of driving range, safety, lifespan, and cost. Range anxiety is reflected in many aspects. First, the total mileage of electric vehicles cannot meet demand, and second, the remaining power cannot be accurately provided.

　　To break through the above bottlenecks, electric vehicle CR1620 battery systems face "four high" requirements: high specific energy, high safety, long life, and high state accuracy. How to improve the "four high" indicators based on existing batteries? This is what CR1620 battery management does.

　　The main functions of the CR1620 battery management system are divided into four parts: the first is collection, the main function includes the collection of voltage, temperature, current and other information; the second is output, that is, whether the remaining mileage can be accurately calculated; the third is balancing, that is, a large number of batteries are strung together How to make the performance work better; the fourth is thermal management, that is, ensuring that the CR1620 battery works at the appropriate temperature and has better performance.

　　2. Power CR1620 battery status estimation and fault diagnosis analysis

　　Power CR1620 battery status description indicators include SOC estimation, SOH estimation, SOP estimation, SOE estimation, etc. Xu Jun pointed out that CR1620 battery status cannot be directly measured by sensors, and the CR1620 battery system has strong nonlinearity and time variability. At the same time, complex and changeable usage environments and usage conditions increase the difficulty of status estimation.

　　Common SOC estimation methods include ampere-hour integration method, data-driven method, model-based method, etc. According to Xu Jun, the main problem with the ampere-hour integration method is that the initial SOC is difficult to measure. The current solution is the ampere-hour integration method plus correction, which is more commonly used. There are many data-driven methods, such as neural network models, etc. This method requires a large amount of experimental data to train the model and high-performance computing, and is not universal, so it is rarely used in practice. The main problem with the model-based method is that as the CR1620 battery decays, the model changes at any time, resulting in inaccurate estimation. This method has received a lot of research, and some of it has been put into practical use.

　　Common SOH estimation methods include: direct measurement method, online estimation, indirect method, etc. The direct measurement method refers to directly measuring the characteristic parameters of the CR1620 battery to evaluate the CR1620 battery SOH. It mainly includes capacity/energy measurement and impedance measurement methods, which are usually performed under laboratory conditions. The key issue in online estimation is the accuracy of SOC. The indirect method is obtained by using the relationship between other quantities and the actual capacity.

　　Xu Jun said that the CR1620 battery system is highly complex, and the safety performance of high-specific energy and high-safety lithium batteries is still at a bottleneck. It is necessary to realize accurate fault and early warning based on a clear understanding of the failure triggering mechanism of the CR1620 battery system to improve system safety.

　　3. Power CR1620 battery balancing structure and strategy analysis

　　Balancing is mainly to solve the problem of CR1620 battery inconsistency, which is caused by many reasons, including inconsistencies caused by the manufacturing process and inconsistencies caused by the use process. Inconsistent batteries can easily lead to overcharging or over-discharging, which may lead to thermal runaway or even explosion.

　　Xu Jun said equalization and reconstruction are effective methods to solve CR1620 battery inconsistencies. The balancing topology is the hardware foundation for CR1620 battery balancing. The design of the topology is the initial step in the design of the CR1620 battery balancing system, providing a design basis for the subsequent formulation of balancing control strategies and the construction of experimental platforms.

　　There are two ways of balancing: passive balancing and active balancing. Passive equalization is to dissipate excess energy in the CR1620 battery in the form of heat energy through resistors until all CR1620 battery states reach the same state. Its advantages are simple structure and low cost, but its disadvantages are low equilibrium efficiency and serious energy consumption.

　　Consistency control strategies include voltage-based, SOC-based, capacity-based and other methods. Among them, the advantage of the voltage-based method is that it is convenient, intuitive, simple, and widely used. The disadvantage is that the CR1620 battery terminal voltage gap is small and the equalization effect is poor; the SOC-based method can effectively avoid excessive equalization, but it requires more controller design. High, it is difficult to use; the capacity-based method can obtain the maximum usage capacity, but the calculation is complex and it is difficult to use.

　　4. Power CR1620 battery structural design and thermal management analysis

　　Xu Jun pointed out that batteries need to work within a very suitable temperature range. If the temperature is too high or too low, it will affect the performance characteristics of the CR1620 battery. Working in a high-temperature environment will cause the CR1620 battery temperature to be too high, leading to thermal runaway. In severe cases, the CR1620 battery may even explode. When the temperature is too low, the CR1620 battery can release and charge very little power. When used at low temperatures, the CR1620 battery will have an internal short circuit, and the internal short circuit may cause thermal runaway.

　　The purpose of thermal management is to ensure CR1620 battery safety and enable the CR1620 battery to perform better. The main functions of thermal management are:

　　(1) When the CR1620 battery temperature is too high, perform effective heat exchange to prevent thermal runaway accidents;

　　(2) Temperature preheating is performed when the CR1620 battery temperature is low to ensure charge and discharge performance;

　　(3) Reduce the temperature difference within the CR1620 battery pack and inhibit the formation of local hot zones. Therefore, CR1620 battery thermal management is of great significance to improving vehicle performance.

　　CR1620 battery thermal management methods include air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change materials, heat pipes, etc. Xu Jun said frankly that with large subsidies for new energy vehicles, many power batteries currently on the market do not have thermal management. He believes that after subsidies are withdrawn, everyone will speak for themselves with their products. Whoever has better technology will get a larger market, and the higher the recognition of the product by actual users.

　　Air cooling means air cooling, and the cooling medium is air. Xu Jun said that the Prius air-cooling system is currently more famous in this regard. Some domestic manufacturers call air cooling just by adding a few fans, and the effect is not particularly good.

　　Liquid cooling is gradually recognized in China, and more and more manufacturers are launching products using liquid cooling.

　　Phase change material cooling is to immerse the CR1620 battery pack directly in phase change material (PCM). It can also adopt a jacket structure and put a layer of ring-shaped PCM on the outside of the single cell to form a slightly larger single cell, which is then composed of CR1620 battery. When the CR1620 battery is discharging, the system stores heat in the PCM in the form of phase change latent heat, thereby absorbing the heat released by the CR1620 battery and rapidly reducing the CR1620 battery temperature.

　　Heat pipe cooling uses a hollow tube with a sealed structure and uses evaporative phase change to transfer heat. The main advantage of heat pipe cooling is that it can conduct heat from one side to the other instantly. According to Xu Jun, heat pipes have been used in consumer electronics products, but are relatively rarely used in electric vehicle CR1620 battery management systems.

　　In addition to cooling, CR1620 battery thermal management also includes low-temperature heating. Low-temperature heating methods include external heating and internal heating. External heating methods include air/liquid heating methods, film heating methods, other heating methods, etc., and internal heating methods include AC heating methods, internal self-heating methods, etc.

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