cr2032 3v lithium battery management architecture for high-power cr2032 3v lithium battery packs

　　Automotive and industrial equipment manufacturers generally require cr2032 3v lithium battery life of more than 10 years, and these manufacturers also specify the required usable cr2032 3v lithium battery capacity. For cr2032 3v lithium battery system designers, the challenge is to achieve maximum capacity with the smallest cr2032 3v lithium battery pack. To achieve this goal, cr2032 3v lithium battery systems must carefully control and monitor the cells with precise electronic components.

　　High power cr2032 3v lithium battery pack system

　　High-power cr2032 3v lithium battery pack systems used in electric vehicles or industrial equipment consist of many cells stacked in series. A typical cr2032 3v lithium battery pack may contain as many as 96 cells, producing a total of over 400V for a lithium-ion cr2032 3v lithium battery charged to 4.2V.

　　Although the system treats the cr2032 3v lithium battery pack as a single high-voltage cell and charges or discharges the cells in the pack simultaneously, the cr2032 3v lithium battery control system must consider the status of each cell independently. If one cell in a cr2032 3v lithium battery pack has a slightly lower capacity than the others, then over many charge/discharge cycles its state of charge (SOC) will gradually deviate from the remaining cells. If the state of charge of this cell is not periodically equalized with the rest of the cells, the cell will eventually enter a deeply discharged state, causing damage and ultimately cr2032 3v lithium battery pack failure. Therefore, the voltage of each cr2032 3v lithium battery must be monitored to determine the state of charge. In addition, measures must be taken in advance so that batteries can be charged or discharged individually to equalize the state of charge between batteries.

　　Communicate with surveillance systems

　　An important factor to consider for a cr2032 3v lithium battery pack monitoring system is the communication interface. When it comes to communication within a printed circuit board (PCB), common options include the serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus and the inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus. Both interfaces have very low communication overhead and are suitable for low-interference environments.

　　Another option is the CAN bus, which is widely used in automotive applications. The CAN bus is very reliable and has error detection and fault tolerance capabilities, but it has high communication overhead and high material costs. Although it may be desirable to have an interface from the cr2032 3v lithium battery system to the main CAN bus, within the cr2032 3v lithium battery pack, SPI or I2C communication is advantageous.

　　Devices such as Linear Technology's LTC6802 cr2032 3v lithium battery pack monitor IC measure the voltage of a cr2032 3v lithium battery pack consisting of up to 12 cells. Multiple LTC6802s can be stacked in series from the low end to the top of the pack. The device also has internal switches. , allowing a single cr2032 3v lithium battery to discharge so that the capacity of that cr2032 3v lithium battery and the remaining batteries in the cr2032 3v lithium battery pack reach a balanced state.

　　To illustrate this cr2032 3v lithium battery pack architecture, consider a system with 96 lithium-ion cells. Monitoring the entire cr2032 3v lithium battery pack requires eight cr2032 3v lithium battery pack ICs, each operating at a different voltage.

　　Using 4.2V lithium-ion battery, the bottom monitoring device monitors 12 batteries with voltage from 0V to 50.4V. The next set of cells has a voltage range of 50.4V to 100.8V, and so on up the pack.

　　These devices operate at different voltages, and communication between them poses significant challenges. Various approaches have been considered, each with their own advantages and disadvantages given the different priorities of system designers.

　　cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring requirements

　　When determining the architecture of a cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring system, there are at least five major requirements that need to be balanced. The relative importance of these requirements will vary depending on the needs and expectations of the end customer.

　　1. Accuracy: To fully utilize the maximum cr2032 3v lithium battery capacity, the cr2032 3v lithium battery monitor must be accurate. However, automotive and industrial systems are noisy, and electromagnetic interference exists over a wide frequency range. Any loss in accuracy will negatively impact the life and performance of the cr2032 3v lithium battery pack.

　　2. Reliability: Regardless of the power source used, automotive and industrial manufacturers must meet extremely high reliability standards. Additionally, the high energy capacity and potential variability of some batteries are major safety concerns. A fail-safe system that shuts down under conservative conditions is better suited for catastrophic cr2032 3v lithium battery failure, although such a system has the unfortunate potential to strand passengers or halt production lines. Therefore, cr2032 3v lithium battery systems must be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure full control throughout the life of the system. To minimize false and real failures, a well-designed cr2032 3v lithium battery pack system must ensure reliable communications, employ modes that minimize failures, and have fault detection capabilities.

　　3. Manufacturability: New cars contain a wide variety of electronic components and complex wiring harnesses. Adding complex electronic components and wiring to support electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV) cr2032 3v lithium battery systems creates additional vehicle manufacturing challenges. Components and wiring must be minimized to meet strict size and weight constraints and ensure that high-volume production is practical.

　　4. Cost: Complex electronic control systems can be expensive. Minimizing relatively expensive components such as microcontrollers, interface controllers, galvanic isolators, and crystals can significantly reduce the overall cost of the system.

　　5. Power: The cr2032 3v lithium battery monitor itself is also a load on the battery. Lower operating current increases system efficiency, while lower backup current prevents the cr2032 3v lithium battery from over-discharging when the car or device is turned off.

　　cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring

　　Table 1 introduces 4 architectures of cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring systems. Each architecture is designed as an autonomous cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring system, and it is assumed that the system consists of 96 cells, divided into 8 groups of 12 cells (see Table 1). Each group has a CAN interface to the main CAN bus and is galvanically isolated from the rest of the system.

　　Parallel independent CAN modules

　　Each 12-cell module contains a PC board with an LTC6802, a microcontroller, a CAN interface and a galvanic isolation transformer. The large amount of cr2032 3v lithium battery monitoring data required by the system overwhelms the main CAN bus, so the CAN module must be on the CAN subnet. The CAN subnet is coordinated by a master controller, which also provides a gateway to the main CAN bus.

　　Figure 1 Parallel independent CAN modules

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