List of 12 14500 battery technologies

1. Inkjet printing technology reduces the cost of copper indium gallium selenide solar photovoltaic cells

Traditional solar photovoltaic cell production techniques are often time-consuming and require the use of expensive vacuum systems and toxic chemicals. Using vapor deposition to precipitate compounds such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) results in the loss of large amounts of expensive material. Engineers at Oregon State University have developed for the first time a method of manufacturing copper indium gallium selenide solar photovoltaic cells using inkjet printing technology. This method can reduce raw material loss by 90%, significantly reducing the cost of using expensive compounds to produce solar photovoltaic cells.

Researchers have invented an ink that can print chalcopyrite on a substrate, and the energy conversion efficiency of the printed product is 5%. Although this conversion efficiency is not yet sufficient for commercial use, the researchers said they are expected to increase the conversion rate to 12% in subsequent studies.

Engineers are working on other cheaper compounds that could be used in inkjet technology. They say that if these materials can reduce costs enough, it will be possible to install solar cells directly on roofing materials.

2. Monocrystalline polycrystalline hybrid solar photovoltaic cells

Chinese solar cell manufacturer Suntechpower has developed a new hybrid solar photovoltaic cell that can effectively reduce the cost of solar photovoltaic power generation by 10% to 20%. This battery is composed of 70% monocrystalline silicon and 30% polycrystalline silicon. The cost of manufacturing monocrystalline and polycrystalline hybrid silicon wafers is only half that of traditional monocrystalline silicon wafers. Since silicon wafers only account for a part of the overall cost of solar energy, overall, they help reduce the cost of solar power generation by 10%-20%.

Stuart Wenham, Chief Technology Officer of Suntech Power, said that large-scale production of this product will soon be achieved.

3. Full spectrum solar photovoltaic cells

It was recently reported that Canadian scientists stated that they have developed a new full-spectrum solar photovoltaic cell that can not only absorb visible light emitted by the sun, but also absorb invisible light. Theoretically, the conversion efficiency can be as high as 42%, exceeding the current level. There is a theoretical conversion rate of 31% for ordinary solar photovoltaic cells. The research was published in the latest issue of the journal Nature Photonics.

This high-efficiency tandem solar photovoltaic cell based on colloidal quantum dots (CQD) was developed by a scientific research team led by Ted Sargent, Canada's chief nanotechnology scientist and professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto. Wang Xihua (transliteration), the main author of the paper, said that the solar photovoltaic cell consists of two light-absorbing layers: one layer is modulated to capture the visible light emitted by the sun; while the other layer can capture the invisible light emitted by the sun.

Sargent hopes that within five years, this new hierarchical recombinant layer of solar photovoltaic cells will be integrated into building materials, mobile phones and automobile parts.

4. Quantum well solar photovoltaic cells

At the 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Experts Meeting in Seattle, Dr. Roger E. Welser, chief technology officer of Magnolia Solar, gave a report on InGaAs quantum well solar photovoltaic cells. Magnolia Solar set a new voltage record for this type of solar photovoltaic cell.

"By embedding narrow-bandgap quantum wells into wide-bandgap materials, quantum well structure solar photovoltaic cells absorb a wider spectrum while absorbing high-energy photons with less energy loss." Dr. Ashok K. Sood, chairman and CEO of Magnolia Solar, said, " The theoretical conversion efficiency of single-junction quantum well solar photovoltaic cells under non-concentrating conditions is as high as 45%."

5. Flexible amorphous silicon solar photovoltaic cells

Japanese media recently reported that TDK has developed a flexible solar cell. Through improvements in optical design, the conversion rate of this solar photovoltaic cell under outdoor sunlight has been increased from the current 4.5% to 7%. TDK It plans to mass-produce this solar photovoltaic cell through the Kofu factory this summer (2011). According to reports, the solar cell is an amorphous silicon solar photovoltaic cell using a thin film substrate.

The report pointed out that currently TDK’s solar photovoltaic cell products are mainly used in watches, but as the above-mentioned new products enter mass production, TDK also plans to actively attack the growing demand for smart cards and e-book readers using e-paper in the future. .

6. Mitsubishi Chemical produces solar cells for curtains and clothing

In the field of "organic thin film solar cells" that are expected to become "next generation solar cells", we achieved the world's highest energy conversion efficiency of 9.2%. Mitsubishi Chemical's organic thin-film solar photovoltaic cells feature efficient production using printing technology. In the near future, perhaps room wallpapers, curtains, car bodies, clothes, etc. can all be powered by solar energy.

As the name suggests, organic solar cells are solar photovoltaic cells that use organic matter such as carbon as materials. At present, they can be roughly divided into two types: "pigment-sensitized solar photovoltaic cells" and "organic thin film solar cells". Mitsubishi Chemical researched and developed the latter. Organic thin film solar photovoltaic cells use easy-to-purchase raw materials, which can significantly reduce production costs compared with previous crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic cells. In addition, it is thin, lightweight, and bendable. It has a wide range of applications and can be processed into a variety of shapes.

Previous problems with organic solar photovoltaic cells were that the energy conversion efficiency was only about 5% and the product life was short. Therefore, in order to further improve energy conversion efficiency and product life, many companies and research institutions have launched fierce competition. In this case, Mitsubishi Chemical released a trial product with "energy conversion efficiency reaching 9.2%".

[page]7.Xiamen University develops 14500 batterys

The research group of Professor Kang Junyong from the School of Physics and Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Xiamen University has recently successfully developed a solar photovoltaic cell made of zinc oxide and zinc selenide, two wide-bandgap semiconductors, which greatly stabilizes its performance and extends its service life. It is reported that this is the first time in the world that the application of wide bandgap semiconductors in solar photovoltaic cells has been achieved.

Recently, the Royal Society of Chemistry's "Materials Chemistry" magazine published this result, which has attracted widespread attention internationally. More than a dozen science and technology websites including the American Science and Technology Daily reported and reprinted the results.

According to reports, the so-called wide band gap semiconductor generally refers to a semiconductor material with a band gap greater than 2.0 electron volts at room temperature. From a physical point of view, the wider the band gap, the more stable its physical and chemical properties, the better the radiation resistance, and the longer the use time. But at the same time, the wide band gap has the disadvantage of less absorption of sunlight and low photoelectric conversion efficiency. Due to this "fatal flaw", wide bandgap semiconductor materials have not been used as a key structure for power generation in solar cells in the past, but only as electrodes.

8. Flexible solar cells

The Physicists Organization website reported on June 9, 2011 that Dupont Kapton colorless polyimide film (polyimide film) is a new material currently being developed as a flexible matrix for cadmium telluride ( CdTe (cadmiumtelluride) thin film photovoltaic (pV) module has now set a new world record in energy conversion efficiency. A team at the Swiss Federal Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology has demonstrated a conversion efficiency of 13.8% using this new colorless film, breaking their previous record of 12.6% and approaching the record using glass.

Kapton polyimide films are 100 times thinner and 200 times lighter than commonly used photovoltaic glass, and therefore have an inherent advantage in transitioning to tellurium based films based on flexible films rather than rigid glass. cadmium chemical system. High-speed and low-cost roll-to-roll deposition technologies can be used to manufacture flexible solar cells in high-throughput, using polymer films as substrates. The new polyimide film is significant and could potentially lead to lighter and thinner flexible photovoltaic modules that are easier to handle and cheaper to install, making it ideal for a number of applications including building-integrated solar panels. chemical photovoltaic applications.

9. Sony dye-sensitized solar photovoltaic cells

At the "2011 China-Japan Green Expo", many Japanese companies comprehensively exhibited their advanced practices in environmental protection technology, environmental protection products and environmental management. As the world's first multinational company to propose the goal of "zero load" on the environment, Sony's many cutting-edge environmental technologies in the fields of new materials such as dye-sensitized solar photovoltaic cells, new energy, energy conservation, and purification have become a highlight of this exhibition. .

The main material of dye-sensitized solar photovoltaic cells uses dye molecules instead of silicon, and the dye molecules absorb light energy and convert it into electrical energy. Simple processes such as coating and printing can be used in production, which has a slight impact on the environment. Color changes and diverse designs are easily achieved. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar photovoltaic cell module testing machine developed by Sony is the highest in the world (verified to reach 9.9%).

10. Shenzhen and Hong Kong cooperate to develop a new generation of solar photovoltaic cells

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in cooperation with the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently successfully developed a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar photovoltaic cell with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 17%, leading the country and comparable to the world's top level.

CIGS batteries are made of low-priced glass, plastic, and metal foil as the base, and are then coated with 1/200 mm multi-layer thin film materials. They can generate electricity on cloudy days and under scattered light. They are suitable for urban environments with many high-rise buildings. Compared with traditional Crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic cells are 98% thinner and half the cost. They are called "the next generation of very promising new thin-film solar photovoltaic cells."

The CIGS battery jointly developed by Shenzhen and Hong Kong is thin, easy to carry, and has stable performance. It is not only suitable for generating electricity on roofs and building exterior walls, but can also be implanted into personal items such as handbags and backpacks to charge electronic products in real time. It can also be used Used as power supply for aerospace and special electronic equipment. According to experts, if 10 square meters of CIGS batteries are laid on the roof, it can provide 5 to 6 kilowatt hours of electricity per day, which is enough to power a family of four people for a day. If it is a CIGS battery with an area of 10cm × 10cm, it only takes 2 to 3 hours to fully charge a mobile phone under sufficient sunlight, and the price is expected to be HK$30. Moreover, CIGS batteries have a durability of up to 20 years and are easy to maintain. You only need to wipe the battery surface occasionally.

11. Japan and Europe jointly develop concentrating solar photovoltaic cells

Japan's New Energy Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) announced that Japan and the European Union (EU) will work together to develop concentrating solar photovoltaic cells with a unit conversion efficiency of more than 45%. Industry-university-government research institutions in Japan and six EU countries will participate in this development. The research and development period is approximately four years until 2014, and the budget is expected to be approximately 650 million yen from Japan and 5 million euros (approximately 600 million yen) from the EU.

In Japan, Masashi Yamaguchi, a professor at Toyota Institute of Technology, is the person in charge of R&D, and Sharp, Daido Special Steel, the University of Tokyo, and the Institute of Industrial Technology participated in the development. On the EU side, Antonio Luque from the Technical University of Madrid in Spain is the head of R&D, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Germany, Imperial College London in the UK, and the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Spanish BSQ Solar, SL., German pSEAG and French French National Institute for Solar Energy participated in the development. Specific R&D projects aimed at achieving unit conversion efficiency of more than 45% include: development of new materials and new structures, development and evaluation of units and modules, standardization activities related to measurement technology of concentrated solar photovoltaic cells, etc.

12. Graphene prepares new high-efficiency solar photovoltaic cells

Graphene's electron mobility is 100 times that of silicon, has excellent strength and transparency, and can transmit 97.7% of light, making it an ideal electrode material.

The extremely high electron mobility gives graphene ideal conditions. When electrons pass through graphene, they have about 100 times the mobility. This is compared to silicon. Graphene also has excellent strength, and in fact, it is almost It is transparent (2.3% of light can be absorbed; 97.7% of light can be transmitted), which makes it an ideal candidate material for use in the field of photovoltaics. Ultra-thin transparent graphene films can replace metal oxide electrodes. Therefore, it may be a promising alternative material to indium tin oxide (ITO: indium tin oxide), which is the current standard transparent electrode material. Graphene is used as an electrode and can be used in liquid crystal displays, solar photovoltaics Batteries, touch screens used in iPads and smartphones, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, which are used in televisions and computers.

From the above development of solar photovoltaic cell technology, it can be seen that no matter what kind of solar cell R&D and innovation, improving solar cell conversion efficiency and reducing solar photovoltaic cell production costs are the core issues that all battery manufacturers and R&D institutions are concerned about. I believe that with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual expansion of battery production scale, the production cost of solar photovoltaic cells will be further reduced. In the future, the price of photovoltaic modules will continue to fall, and grid parity is expected to be realized as soon as possible.

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