New technology makes 9V carbon battery cheaper, but makes recycling less cost-effective

　　The Electric Power Research Institute released a report late last year assessing the "end-of-life" costs of batteries. Last week, Ben Kaun, the agency's energy storage program manager, told the Illinois Commerce Commission that a lack of recycling increases the "end-of-life" cost of lithium-ion batteries. "Currently, in lead acid, I think 98% of the material can be recycled and turned into new lead-acid batteries," Cowan said. "It's almost a completely closed cycle, which is not the case with lithium-ion. The high-value materials Content levels vary, and many of the current innovations in lithium-ion batteries are actually about removing the remaining high-value materials, such as cobalt, from the system."

　　The cost of cobalt, the battery cathode, jumped from $32,500 in early 2017 to $81,000 in March this year, according to the Royal Chemistry Society. Cobalt is the cathode material in batteries, and battery manufacturers have redesigned their batteries to reduce their content. In May, Tesla CEO Elon Musk said the company had all but eliminated cobalt from batteries used in cars and stationary batteries. This makes the batteries more affordable, but they may also be too cheap to recycle.

　　Without valuable recycled materials, recyclers have no incentive to recycle used batteries, Cowan said. "Lithium-ion batteries haven't developed the same recycling infrastructure as lead-acid batteries," he said. "There's an important question to look at here and how recycling infrastructure will emerge. Part of the problem is scaling up recycling, and part of it is understanding The motivation for developing infrastructure and how you can upgrade or at least maintain high-quality battery materials that can be remanufactured like lead-acid."

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