r03 battery recycling hard core technology flow

　　Batteries contain a variety of harmful substances, and random disposal will have a huge impact on the ecology.

　　A large number of retired batteries will pose potential threats to the environment, especially heavy metals, electrolytes, solvents and various organic auxiliary materials in power batteries. If they are discarded without reasonable disposal, they will cause great harm to soil, water, etc. and will cause great harm to the repair process. It takes a long time and is expensive, so there is an urgent need for recycling.

　　The substances usually contained in lithium batteries are as follows. According to the 2011 version of the U.S. Hazardous Substances List, Ni, Co, and phosphide have scores of more than 1,000 and are considered high-risk substances. If used lithium-ion batteries are treated by ordinary garbage disposal methods (including landfill, incineration, composting, etc.), the metals such as cobalt, nickel, lithium, manganese, and inorganic and organic compounds will definitely cause serious pollution to the atmosphere, water, and soil. , extremely harmful.

　　If the substances in used lithium-ion batteries enter the ecology, they can cause heavy metal nickel and cobalt pollution (including arsenic), fluorine pollution, organic matter pollution, dust and acid-base pollution. The electrolytes and their transformation products of used lithium-ion batteries, such as LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3, HF, P2O5, etc., and solvents and their decomposition and hydrolysis products, such as DME, methanol, formic acid, etc., are toxic and harmful substances that can cause personal injury. even death.

　　The economic value of battery material recycling mainly lies in the regeneration value of materials and the rediscovery of energy value.

　　This includes three aspects: 1. After lithium batteries are retired from high-end appliances, they can still meet the needs of some low-end appliances, usually electric toys, energy storage facilities, etc. The recycled cascade utilization can give lithium batteries more Much value, especially retired power lithium batteries; 2. Even if the electrical performance cannot meet deeper uses, the relatively rare metals such as Li, Co, and Cu contained in them still have recycling value; 3. Due to the reduction of some metals, There is a huge difference between energy and metal regeneration energy, such as Al, Ni, Fe, resulting in metal recycling having economic value in terms of energy consumption.

　　Different types of lithium batteries contain different types of metals and their proportions. One ton of traditional consumer lithium cobalt oxide batteries corresponds to about 170 kilograms of cobalt metal. In terms of copper, aluminum, and lithium, the contents are mostly similar. Therefore, overall the recycling value of lithium cobalt oxide batteries will be greater than other categories, such as lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries.

　　The battery core accounts for 36% of the cost of power batteries. If gross profit is deducted, the battery core accounts for 49%. In consumer batteries, the battery core cost accounts for a higher proportion. In the battery core, the cost of cathode materials rich in metal elements such as nickel, cobalt and manganese accounts for 45%.

　　At present, the resource recycling process includes two stages: pre-processing and subsequent processing.

　　Pretreatment is to discharge used lithium batteries in salt water, remove the outer packaging of the battery, and remove the metal steel shell to obtain the battery core inside.

　　The battery core consists of negative electrode, positive electrode, separator and electrolyte. The negative electrode is attached to the surface of the copper foil, the positive electrode is attached to the surface of the aluminum foil, and the separator is an organic polymer; the electrolyte is attached to the surfaces of the positive and negative electrodes, which is an organic carbonate solution of LiPF6.

　　The subsequent processing step is to recycle high-value components from various types of scrap after dismantling and carry out remanufacturing or repair of battery materials. The technical methods can be divided into three categories: dry recycling technology, wet recycling technology and biological recycling technology. .

　　Dry recycling technology refers to the technical method to directly realize the recycling of various battery materials or valuable metals without using media such as solutions. It mainly includes mechanical sorting methods and high-temperature pyrolysis methods.

　　Dry thermal repair technology can perform high-temperature thermal repair on crude products recovered by dry process. However, the output positive and negative electrode materials contain certain impurities and their performance cannot meet the requirements of new energy vehicle power batteries. They are mostly used for energy storage or small power batteries. and other scenarios, suitable for lithium iron phosphate batteries.

　　Pyrometallurgy, also known as incineration or dry metallurgy, removes organic binders from electrode materials through high-temperature incineration, while causing oxidation-reduction reactions of metals and their compounds to recover low-boiling-point metals and compounds in the form of condensation. Its compounds are recovered by screening, pyrolysis, magnetic separation or chemical methods to recover the metal in the slag. Pyrometallurgy does not have high requirements on the composition of raw materials and is suitable for large-scale processing of more complex batteries. However, combustion will inevitably produce some waste gas that pollutes the environment, and high-temperature processing also requires higher equipment. At the same time, additional purification and recycling equipment is required. , the processing cost is higher.

　　Wet recovery technology uses various acid and alkaline solutions as transfer media to transfer metal ions from electrode materials to the leachate, and then removes metal ions from the electrode materials in the form of salts, oxides, etc. through ion exchange, precipitation, adsorption, etc. Extraction from solution mainly includes three methods: hydrometallurgy, chemical extraction and ion exchange.

　　The wet recovery technology process is relatively complex, but this technology has a high recovery rate of valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel; the high purity of the metal salts, oxides and other products obtained can meet the quality requirements for the production of r03 battery materials. It is suitable for ternary batteries and is also the main recycling method used by leading recycling companies at home and abroad.

　　Biological recovery technology mainly uses microbial leaching to convert useful components of the system into soluble compounds and selectively dissolve them to achieve separation of target components and impurity components, and ultimately recover valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. At present, biological recovery technology is not yet mature, and key issues such as the cultivation of high-efficiency bacterial strains, excessive cultivation cycles, and control of leaching conditions still need to be solved.

　　The current wet recycling process, which is more efficient and relatively mature, is increasingly becoming the mainstream technology route in the professional treatment stage; domestic leading companies such as GEM and Bangpu Group, as well as international leading companies such as AEA and IME, have mostly adopted wet technology. route as the main technology for the recovery of valuable metal resources such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel.

　　The key performance indicator of the specific capacity of cathode materials obtained by recycling valuable metals using wet technology is better than those obtained by repairing using dry technology.

　　For ternary batteries, compared with lithium iron phosphate, its battery life is shorter. The 80% cycle life of ternary material batteries is only 800-2000 times, and there are certain risks in safety, so it is not suitable for use in energy storage power stations. , communication base station backup power supply and other echelon utilization fields with complex application environments.

　　However, because the ternary r03 battery contains rare metals such as nickel, cobalt and manganese, by disassembling and extracting lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper, aluminum, graphite, separators and other materials, it can theoretically achieve about 42,900 yuan per ton. Economic benefits and economic feasibility.

　　Taking the ternary 523 battery as an example, the nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium content of each ton of the ternary battery is about 96, 48, 32 and 19 kilograms. The average recovery rate of nickel, cobalt and manganese on the current market can reach more than 95%. The recovery rate of lithium is about 70%. The market prices of metallic lithium, cobalt, electrolytic nickel and electrolytic manganese are 900,000 yuan/ton, 480,000 yuan/ton, 100,000 yuan/ton and 17,000 yuan/ton respectively.

　　Metal salts such as nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate produced by recycling power batteries can be further processed to produce ternary precursors, which has obvious value-added space.

　　Taking the production of nickel sulfate as an example, the cost per ton of nickel recycling through used power batteries is less than 40,000 yuan, while the cost of direct production through nickel ore is more than 60,000 yuan. The cost of obtaining metal raw materials through resource recycling is lower than the cost of direct mineral development. The resource recycling of ternary batteries has the significance of reducing costs.

　　Considering that ternary battery recycling companies disassemble precious metals and then sell them to downstream companies in the form of sulfate, the sales price should be lower than the market price of pure metal form. Therefore, assuming that the ternary battery is sold at a discount of 70% of the market price, the ternary battery The dismantling income is 34,000 yuan/ton, so by 2023, the dismantling market size of only ternary batteries is expected to reach 5.41 billion yuan.

　　In terms of costs, the recycling cost of ternary batteries is mainly composed of production costs, various expenses and taxes.

　　Among them, the main components of production (rough cost estimate) are:

　　Material cost (wasted batteries, liquid nitrogen, water, acid-base reagents, extraction agents, precipitating agents, etc.) 20,000 yuan/ton;

　　Fuel and power costs (electricity, natural gas, gasoline consumption, etc.) 650 yuan/ton;

　　Environmental treatment cost (waste gas, wastewater purification, waste residue and ash treatment) 550 yuan/ton;

　　Equipment cost (equipment maintenance fee, depreciation fee) 500 yuan/ton;

　　Labor cost (wage for operation, technology, transportation personnel, etc.) 400 yuan/ton.

　　The shared administrative expenses such as management personnel salaries and sales expenses such as sales personnel and packaging are about 400 yuan/ton; value-added tax and income tax are 4,000 yuan/ton. The total dismantling cost of ternary batteries is 26,500 yuan/ton. Based on the above income of 34,000 yuan/ton, the dismantling profit is 7,500 yuan/ton. From the above table, it can also be seen that the corresponding net profit margin in 2023 is expected to exceed 10 billion.

　　Through raw material recycling, metal elements such as nickel, cobalt and manganese can achieve a recovery rate of more than 95%, with significant economic benefits. Through resource recycling, nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium salts can be produced, and even ternary cathode materials and precursors can be further produced, which can be directly used in the manufacture of lithium battery cells, which is of great significance in building a closed loop of the industrial chain.

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