The non mains power sources we use in our daily lives are mainly derived from battery packs. Simply put, n batteries of the same specification are connected in series, and the total rated voltage is n * the rated voltage of each individual cell, known as n S batteries. It is worth noting that the performance and usage of each individual cell in the battery pack often exhibit inconsistencies. Even for batteries produced by the same manufacturer and batch, due to factors such as chemical materials, each cell cannot be completely consistent. And in our use, we apply the entire series connected battery pack, so the inconsistency of the individual cells will become an extremely important factor limiting the battery life and safety of use. Simply put, the poor performance of individual cells within a battery pack greatly affects its overall use (similar to the barrel effect), so we cannot simply charge with a positive connection and a negative connection.

　　The early charging methods for lithium batteries mainly included constant current charging, constant voltage charging, and constant current constant voltage charging. Their control and operation are relatively simple, easy to implement, and have been widely used, but the charging speed is slow, the charging efficiency is not high, and improper control can cause significant battery loss. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have proposed various methods such as intermittent charging and pulse charging through relevant research, established battery models, and added balancing strategies during charging for verification, providing new ideas for optimizing lithium battery charging.

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