Expanding living space and searching for extraterrestrial life are mankind’s tireless pursuits and one of the long-term goals of human development. Carrying out deep space exploration is an inevitable way to achieve this goal, and it is also a reflection of a country’s aerospace technology capabilities and space science level. Important signs. After more than 50 years of exploration, human beings have carried out deep space exploration activities that have basically covered various celestial bodies in the solar system such as the moon, the sun, the seven planets, asteroids and comets, and have made great achievements in aerospace engineering technology and scientific discoveries. Human exploration of the vast universe has just begun, and our understanding is still superficial. With the improvement of human beings' ability to enter space and the development of aerospace technology, deep space has become one of the important areas of exploration for mankind.

　　Deep space exploration refers to exploration that breaks away from the earth's gravitational field and enters the solar system space and the universe, which is relative to low-Earth orbit spacecraft. In China, current space exploration activities on celestial bodies beyond the earth are called deep space exploration. This definition further clarifies the objects and purposes of my country’s deep space exploration. Deep space exploration in this century is mainly focused on the solar system space (the moon, Mars, Mercury and Venus, satellites of the giant planets, asteroids and comets), and also takes into account the observation of the outer space. With the improvement of deep space exploration technology, human beings will reach farther places, and the concept of deep space exploration will continue to develop. Deep space exploration should achieve the following goals: utilize space resources (energy, resources, environment); expand living space; explore the origin and evolution of the solar system and universe (including life); and serve the sustainable development of human society.

　　The first stage of deep space exploration is exploration within the solar system. Only a small number of spacecraft have been launched for preliminary detection of the sun, planets and asteroids. Deep space exploration technologies, such as deep space autonomous technology and new energy sources, have not yet been systematically and comprehensively mastered. And propulsion technology, extraterrestrial base technology, extraterrestrial long-term survival technology, etc. The impact of deep space exploration on understanding natural scientific phenomena and promoting social development has only just emerged. We can foresee that with the rapid development of aerospace technology, traveling between the planet and the earth will be as convenient and fast as traveling between two cities in the future. The second stage of deep space exploration is exploration outside the solar system, entering the Milky Way, detecting star systems, understanding various galaxies and dark matter, and traveling through the vast universe. Deep space exploration technology has higher requirements than current aerospace technology. It needs to break through the constraints of existing physical laws, break through the understanding of the speed of light limit, and establish a new multi-dimensional space-time relationship to detect galaxies hundreds of thousands of light years away. These Obviously it cannot be solved by today's science and technology or recent science and technology. The second stage of deep space exploration will be very long, and may experience several major scientific and technological revolutions. But we humans will definitely be able to master deep space exploration technology and fly freely among the stars in the universe.

　　The development of deep space exploration missions depends on the advancement of aerospace technology and the improvement of national comprehensive strength. Compared with near-Earth space missions, deep space exploration missions face a series of problems such as long distances, long flight times, limited data transmission rates, and complex deep space environments, and require continuous technological innovation and verification. In the future, the depth and breadth of exploration of deep space and celestial objects in it will directly depend on the level of breakthroughs and support in a series of key technologies. Since most of the detection target objects are far away from the earth, the detector usually needs to consume a huge amount of fuel to achieve the transfer to the target, and it may also be difficult to obtain enough solar energy. Therefore, efficient energy and propulsion systems are the basic guarantee for deep space exploration missions.

　　2 New energy technologies for deep space exploration

　　The energy system in deep space exploration missions should be resistant to harsh environments, have long life and high power, and should continuously reduce the amount of radiation. High-efficiency energy and energy storage technologies suitable for future deep space exploration missions mainly include: solar photovoltaic power generation technology, radioisotope power supply technology, nuclear fission power system technology, nuclear fusion power system technology, high-specific energy energy storage technology, and regenerative fuel cells technology, wireless power transmission technology, etc.

　　Solar photovoltaic power generation technology: A technology that converts light energy into electrical energy. Future deep space exploration missions require higher performance of solar photovoltaic power generation systems. The signs of reaching technology maturity level 6 are: solar cells that can work effectively under low light intensity/low temperature conditions (>3AU), solar cells and solar cell arrays that can work under high temperature conditions (>200℃) for a long time, with High specific power (500-1000W/kg) solar array with electrostatic cleaning ability, radiation resistance, dustproof, and retractable/unfoldable solar array.

　　Radioisotope power technology: Power conversion technology based on radioactive elements and thermoelectric converters. In the future, radioisotope power systems in the power range of 0.1-1000We can effectively support human exploration missions. The signs of reaching technology maturity level 6 are: advanced isotope thermoelectric generator (10-15W/kg, efficiency 15-20%, 15-year life); advanced Stirling radioisotope generator (10-15W/kg, 35 % efficiency, 15-year life); small (1W ~ 10W) RPS (reactor protection system), which can withstand the impact of 5000g, including heat source and power conversion system.

　　Nuclear fusion power supply technology: research on about 50MW neutron reactor, high-energy charged particle beam direct energy conversion (such as traveling wave), high voltage (1MV), high-efficiency power management and distribution. Develop 10-100kWe power supply system; develop very high power (>5MWe) and very small specific mass (<5kg/kWe) space nuclear fusion power supply.

　　Nuclear fission power supply technology: The use of high-power nuclear fission systems will make high-performance nuclear electric propulsion technology possible. In theory, nuclear fission has unlimited fuel energy density, does not depend on the distance and orientation from the sun, and can support large-scale high-power robots Task.

　　High specific energy storage technology: including disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. The signs of reaching technology maturity level 6 are: primary battery, specific energy reaching 1000Wh/kg, the ability to operate at low temperature (-160℃); inner planetary mission requirements for high temperature (450℃) primary and rechargeable batteries; planetary orbiter requirements Life span >20 years, 100,000 cycles, rechargeable battery specific energy reaches 300Wh/kg.

　　Flywheel energy storage technology: A new system that combines attitude control (replacing the momentum wheel) and energy storage (replacing the battery pack). Flywheels are capable of releasing energy quickly, are capable of repeated complete discharges without harming the system, and have the lowest self-discharge rate of any electrical energy storage medium. The sign of reaching technology maturity level 6 is: the system's stored energy reaches kWh and MWh, and the specific energy reaches 200Wh/kg after using carbon nanofibers, and it meets the charging life of more than 50,000 times and lifespan under the condition of high reliability and safety. More than 20 years.

　　Regenerative fuel cell technology: Regenerative fuel cells are currently the energy storage systems with the highest specific energy. They are very attractive for space missions that require megawatt-level large-scale energy storage, and are very important for large-scale energy storage applications such as planetary surface systems. Renewable fuel cells need to be developed for a wide range of energy storage applications. The signs of reaching technology maturity level 6 are: specific energy reaching 1500Wh/kg, charging and discharging efficiency reaching 70%, high reliability and long life capability (10,000 hours).

　　Wireless energy transmission technology: usually refers to high-power clustering. The power can be transmitted through laser beams or microwaves. It has broad application prospects in future long-term extraterrestrial survival.

　　3. Off-terrestrial energy storage power generation technology

　　As the distance to deep space exploration targets increases, long-term extraterrestrial survival technology draws energy from in-situ resource utilization to ensure that humans can participate in space exploration missions for a long time and achieve self-sufficiency during the mission. In-situ resource utilization, material recycling, and in-situ energy storage and power generation are the basis for human beings to realize extraterrestrial survival and carry out extraterrestrial activities. Only by developing in-situ energy storage and power generation technology can we reduce the amount of materials carried from the earth and make manned deep space exploration missions feasible.

　　The extraterrestrial energy storage power generation device realizes energy storage and power generation through in-situ energy conversion and resource utilization. It uses dense energy storage blocks processed by the in-situ resource utilization device to absorb and store solar radiation heat during the day. Through the thermoelectric conversion device, it provides energy for the earth. Each device of the external survival experimental cabin provides electrical energy and heat energy to provide energy supply for the controlled ecological box day and night to meet the basic energy needs of life activities.

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