A battery is a device that converts energy produced by chemical reactions directly into electrical energy. It has the characteristics of stable voltage, stable current, stable power supply for a long time, little influence from the outside world, simple structure, easy to carry, simple and easy charging and discharging operations, stable and reliable performance, and brings a lot of convenience to modern social life.

　　In 1800, Italian scientist Volta made a Volta stack by contacting different metals with electrolyte, which is considered to be the first power supply device in human history. Humans have successively invented lead-acid batteries, zinc-manganese dioxide dry batteries with NH4Cl as the electrolyte, cadmium-nickel batteries, iron-nickel batteries, alkaline zinc-manganese batteries and lithium-ion batteries. As research continues to deepen, new batteries have emerged in recent years.

　　|Fuel cell

　　A fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts chemical energy present in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy. Fuel and air are fed into the fuel cell respectively, and electricity is wonderfully produced. It looks like a battery with positive and negative electrodes and electrolytes, but in fact it cannot "storage electricity" but is a "power plant".

　　Explanation of popular battery technologies such as graphene batteries/fuel cells/air batteries

　　The reaction principle of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is the reverse process of electrolyzing water.

　　The electrodes should be:

　　Negative electrode: H2+2OH-→2H2O+2e-

　　Positive electrode: 1/2O2+H2O2e-→2OH-

　　Low temperature and high energy density 18650 3350mAh-40℃ 0.5C discharge capacity ≥60%

　　Charging temperature: 0~45℃ Discharge temperature: -40~+55℃ Specific energy: 240Wh/kg -40℃ Discharge capacity retention rate: 0.5C Discharge capacity ≥ 60%

　　Battery reaction: H2+1/2O2==H2O

　　Fuel cells involve relevant theories of chemical thermodynamics, electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, materials science, power systems and automatic control. Only the fuel cell itself cannot work. There must be a set of corresponding auxiliary systems, including reactant supply systems, heat exhaust systems, drainage systems, electrical performance control systems and safety devices, etc.

　　The fuel cell directly converts the chemical energy of the fuel into electrical energy, without the energy form changes of boilers, steam turbines, and generators like ordinary thermal generators, avoiding the energy loss of intermediate conversion, so the energy conversion efficiency is relatively high. The efficiency of thermal power generation and nuclear power is about 30% to 40%, while the power conversion efficiency of fuel cells can reach 45% to 60%. In addition, the fuel cell power station occupies a small area and has a short construction period. The power of the power station can be assembled from the battery stack as needed, and the installation location is flexible and very convenient. Fuel cells are very suitable as centralized power stations, distributed power stations, or as independent power stations in communities, factories, and large buildings. The load response is fast and the operation quality is high; the fuel cell can convert from the lowest power to the rated power in a few seconds.

　　|Graphene battery

　　Graphene battery is a new energy battery developed by utilizing the characteristics of lithium ions that can shuttle rapidly and massively between the graphene surface and electrodes.

　　Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal with only one layer of atomic thickness separated from graphite material and composed of carbon atoms. In 2004, physicists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom successfully separated graphene from graphite and confirmed that it can exist alone. For this reason, they jointly won the 2010 Nobel Prize. Bell Prize in Physics. With the gradual breakthrough of problems such as mass production and large size, the pace of industrial application of graphene is accelerating. Based on the current research results, the first areas to achieve commercial application may be mobile devices, special aerospace, new Energy battery field.

　　Explanation of popular battery technologies such as graphene batteries/fuel cells/air batteries

　　Explanation of popular battery technologies such as graphene batteries/fuel cells/air batteries

　　New batteries made of graphene materials will be smaller in size and weight, and their energy storage density will be greatly improved. More importantly, it greatly shortens the charging time and makes it convenient for consumers. Nanotek Instruments Company of Ohio, USA, has developed a new battery that uses the characteristics of lithium ions to shuttle rapidly and massively between the graphene surface and electrodes. The new battery reduces charging times from hours to less than a minute. Analysts believe that the industrialization of one-minute fast-charging graphene batteries in the future will bring about changes in the battery industry, thereby also promoting innovation in the new energy vehicle industry.

　　The success of the new graphene battery experimental stage will undoubtedly become a new development point for the battery industry. Battery technology is the biggest threshold for the vigorous promotion and development of electric vehicles, and the current battery industry is at a stage where the development of lead-acid batteries and traditional lithium batteries has encountered bottlenecks. After the successful development of graphene energy storage equipment, if it can be mass-produced, It will bring new changes to the battery industry and even the electric vehicle industry.

　　Seeing the application prospects of graphene, many countries have established graphene-related technology research and development centers, trying to commercialize graphene, and then obtain potential application patents in industry, technology and electronics-related fields. The European Commission has designated graphene as a "future emerging flagship technology project" and established a special research and development plan, allocating 1 billion euros in funding over the next 10 years. The British government is also investing in the establishment of the National Graphene Institute (NGI) in an effort to bring this material from the laboratory to the production line and market in the next few decades.

　　China also has unique advantages in graphene research. From a production perspective, graphite, which is a raw material for graphene production, has abundant energy storage and is cheap in my country. In addition, mass production and large-scale production are the main factors hindering the large-scale commercialization of graphene. The first 15-inch single-layer graphene in China was successfully manufactured using chemical vapor deposition method, and the graphene transparent electrode was successfully applied to the resistive touch screen to prepare a 7-inch graphene touch screen.

　　Learn the knowledge of lithium battery assembly for electric vehicles. To purchase lithium battery spot welding equipment, go to Huaian Yuanzheng New Energy Technology. Smart lithium batteries run fast with intelligent protection and have a long lifespan. For more information, click on the blue font link for basic knowledge training on lithium battery assembly.

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