Electrochemical energy storage technology is key to handling the integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy into the grid. Lithium-ion batteries using organic solvents as electrolytes have advantages in energy density, but there are safety hazards and limited lithium resources. In contrast, aqueous non-lithium ion (such as sodium ion, potassium ion, zinc ion, magnesium ion, etc.) batteries have the advantages of high safety and low cost, and have important application prospects in the field of energy storage. Since 2013, the Power Lithium Battery Engineering Laboratory of the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences has proactively organized research on new concept batteries of non-lithium ion batteries, and has made a series of progress in basic research on new concept batteries for aqueous ion batteries. However, the cycle life of aqueous ion batteries is relatively limited, generally less than 1,000 times, and it is difficult to meet the needs of large-scale energy storage.

　　Inspired by a new type of aluminum-ion battery reported in Nature (2015, 520, 324) by Professor Dai Hongjie of Stanford University in the United States in 2015, the Power Lithium Battery Engineering Laboratory of Ningbo Institute of Materials Science and Technology carried out research on aluminum-ion batteries using graphene as electrodes. During the work, the researchers used mass-produced multi-layer graphene as the flexible positive electrode, metallic aluminum as the negative electrode, and ionic liquid as the electrolyte to construct a 2V aluminum-ion battery with ultra-long cycle life and ultra-high rate performance. Research has found that the thickness (number of layers) and lateral dimensions of two-dimensional flake graphite-based negative electrode materials have an important impact on the intercalation behavior of AlCl4- ions. Compared with flake graphite with thousands of layers, multilayer graphene has very few layers (less than 10 layers), which can significantly reduce the activation energy of AlCl4- ion insertion and diffusion, making the battery have ultra-high rate performance. Charging and discharging can be completed within 1 minute. On the other hand, electrodes made of larger-scale multi-layer graphene have better flexibility and graphitization, and are more resistant to repeated insertion and extraction of AlCl4- ions, thereby allowing the battery to perform better. Ultra-long cycle life, with almost no capacity decay after 10,000 charge and discharge cycles. In addition, this research work further revealed the intercalation chemical mechanism of AlCl4- ions in two-dimensional graphite cathode materials such as multilayer graphene and graphite through a series of precise characterizations, that is, the fourth-order summation induced by intercalation ions. Fifth-order structural change mechanism. This research work not only has important guiding significance for the selection of graphite cathode materials in aluminum-ion batteries, but also has great academic value for the development of practical new graphene-based long-life energy storage batteries.

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