Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can store and regulate renewable energy. David Hart and Alfred Sarkissian of George Mason University in the United States studied grid-scale battery energy storage systems in the United States and submitted their research results to the U.S. Department of Energy in 2016. One of the main results of the study shows that lithium-ion batteries account for approximately 95% of the grid-scale battery energy storage market. However, redox flow batteries and zinc hybrid batteries have also become dominant technologies in the energy storage market. Although deployment of utility-scale energy storage systems declined slightly in the first three quarters of 2018, it is still expected to grow in 2019. Battery energy storage systems can support renewable energy projects such as wind and solar by regulating the variability of renewable energy and increasing reliability to provide on-demand power. Various batteries have features and applications targeted at specific performance, but the goal of energy storage developers is the same: to select a battery that ensures economical, reliable, and efficient operation of the energy storage system. Lithium-ion battery In 1991, Sony launched the world's first lithium-ion battery, which was mainly used in consumer products. Since then, lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely adopted battery technology for grid-scale energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries have the versatility to handle small-scale applications, such as powering electric vehicles, as well as grid-scale energy storage systems that require hours of energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries get their name from the lithium ions that are transferred between electrodes, either injecting or extracting energy for storage. Lithium-ion batteries use lithiated metal oxides as the cathode (the negatively charged electrode through which electrons enter the device) rather than metallic lithium, and typically carbon as the anode (the positively charged electrode through which electrons leave the device). Unlike batteries, which change their electrodes through charging and discharging, lithium-ion batteries offer higher efficiency because the movement of ions keeps the electrode structure intact. In the lithium battery family, there are also battery suppliers that provide a variety of different battery products and designs, and are constantly improving energy density and cycle life, and reducing costs. For sustained energy storage of 30 minutes to 3 hours, lithium batteries have the best energy density compared to other battery solutions. For longer periods of sustained energy storage, lithium-ion batteries are not the most cost-effective option, depending on the application, especially when lifetime costs are considered. Lithium-ion batteries can also be configured into battery packs of various sizes to produce various sizes of voltage and capacity. The 1MW/4MWh energy storage system in Pullman, Washington is operated by Avista. The system uses Northern Power's FlexPhase converters and UET's redox flow batteries to provide multiple services to the grid and end users, including load transfer, black start capabilities, renewable energy integration and resiliency. Lithium battery packs typically have a narrow voltage range and a high minimum DC series voltage, which can minimize the cost of power converters relative to other battery technologies. Energy storage systems (ESS) using lithium-ion batteries are generally more efficient than using flow batteries or zinc hybrid batteries. For example, a lithium-ion battery energy storage system is rated to operate at rated power for two hours with a round-trip efficiency of 75% to 85%. However, a battery energy storage system rated to operate for 30 minutes may have an efficiency in the 65% to 75% range. Of course, the smaller 30-minute battery energy storage system has a lower initial cost, is more efficient, and has a longer life when running on discharge for a long time. Over time, lithium-ion batteries will degrade, and when designing a battery energy storage system with a 20-year service life, a battery replenishment, replacement and disposal strategy must be adopted. While the solid-state nature of lithium-ion batteries means there are fewer moving parts, this means that the relatively small capacity of lithium-ion batteries requires more sophisticated monitoring and battery management systems than flow or zinc hybrid batteries. Redox Flow Battery The United States National Space Administration studied the application of redox flow battery (RFB) in the space program in the 1970s, and the concept of using oxidation and reduction reaction flow batteries for energy storage can be traced back to to more distant times. In a redox flow battery (RFB), two chemical components are dissolved in the liquid within the system and separated by an ionic membrane. The membrane facilitates ion exchange and current flow while liquids remain separated in the anolyte and catholyte tanks. The chemical reduction and oxidation reactions that occur in these electrolyte tanks store the energy produced in the liquid electrolyte solution, which is where the name "redox" comes from. Similar to lithium-ion batteries, different flow batteries come in a variety of different chemistries. Most products for grid-scale flow battery energy storage solutions use some sort of vanadium, iron, bromine or sodium solution. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are unique compared to conventional batteries in that the power rating of the system depends on the size of the selected stack and the energy storage capacity depends on the size of the electrolyte tank and the volume of electrolyte in the tank. . In principle, this means that any combination of energy and power can be configured. In practice, however, the infrastructure required to pump and manage the tanks is economically feasible for energy storage systems with 4 hours or more compared to the rated power of the stack. Flow batteries are characterized by a long cycle life, which can reach tens of thousands of cycles, or theoretically infinite cycle life. For example, the vanadium solution does not degrade when ions are exchanged between the two tanks, and at the end of the system's life, the vanadium solution has some remaining value. Although their initial cost is typically higher compared to other batteries, flow batteries can have lower operating lifetime costs, especially in high-cycle applications. EosAurora1000 is an energy storage system capable of meeting grid-scale market demands. It uses zinc hybrid cathode cells that can be expanded and configured to reduce costs and maximize profitability. Flow batteries have lower energy density than equivalent lithium battery solutions and typically require a larger footprint or specific storage or required footprint. However, for many energy storage projects, floor space is not the main factor affecting project feasibility. In some cases, a flow battery with four hours of energy storage has a smaller footprint than a lithium-ion battery energy storage system with the same capacity. The weight of lithium-ion battery packs often makes stacking them impractical. There are also some misconceptions that because flow batteries discharge at rated power for 4 hours or more, they cannot perform frequency regulation or other short-term power supply tasks. In fact, flow batteries are ideally suited for long periods of peak switching (changing the source of electricity to reduce grid “demand charges”) or demand switching, as well as short-term services. In this stacked use case, battery energy storage systems with high cycle life are very valuable. Flow batteries typically have round-trip efficiencies of 65% to 75%. Zinc Hybrid Batteries Zinc hybrid batteries are one of the newest battery products with early field applications in grid-scale energy storage use cases. The first rechargeable zinc-based batteries were introduced in 1996 and were eventually used to power small and medium-sized buses in Singapore. The proliferation of electric vehicles and distributed energy resources has increased the need for battery systems that are cheap to produce. Zinc hybrid batteries are also expected to provide specialized batteries for grid-scale solutions that could outperform other batteries in terms of cost. Zinc metal is widely used and is generally cheaper to produce than lithium-ion or flow batteries. Zinc hybrid batteries are in the early stages of commercialization and therefore cost less than other emerging battery technology solutions. In zinc hybrid cells, the porous anode is formed from a large number of zinc particles, which are then saturated with the electrolyte during discharge. The hydroxide ions formed at the cathode by the oxidation reaction move into the zinc paste to form zincate, thereby releasing electrons and entering the cathode. Similar to flow batteries, this technology is also suitable for 4-hour energy storage solutions. Similar to lithium-ion batteries, battery degradation must be considered with zinc hybrid battery systems, including battery replenishment, replacement and disposal, as their energy storage capacity will gradually degrade. The overall efficiency of zinc hybrid batteries is generally lower than that of lithium-ion batteries, averaging 65% to 70%. Slightly lower for higher charge and discharge rate applications and higher for lower charge and discharge rate applications. Zinc hybrid batteries are expected to be competitive in renewable energy applications, such as when deployed in conjunction with solar power generation projects. They are also suitable for peak shaving applications with daily charge and discharge cycles. Zinc hybrid and flow batteries tend to have a wider DC voltage operating range and require higher cost power converter systems than lithium-ion battery solutions. Choosing the right battery Users need to select the ideal battery and design the optimal system and operating strategy to determine the economic benefits of an energy storage project. Understanding the benefits and challenges of different battery technologies is key for users to make the right choice. While no one knows for sure which battery will be the winning solution in the future, there are still options. End users want to work with turnkey suppliers and integrators who can help users configure a battery energy storage system suitable for their project.

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