Introduction to technical guidance on recycling of electric vehicle power batteries

　　Since 2012, when the Chinese government and industry authorities were carrying out the top-level design of new energy vehicle industry planning, power battery recycling has been regarded as one of the important aspects of industrial development. In the following years, policies and standards related to power battery recycling were continuously introduced. As the implementation of management measures approached, various responsible enterprises including battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, scrapped automobile recycling and dismantling enterprises, secondary utilization enterprises and recycling enterprises also While actively carrying out business layout, relevant research shows that the recycling market size created by used batteries will exceed 5.3 billion yuan in 2018, will exceed 10 billion yuan in 2020, and the used power lithium battery market will reach 25 billion yuan in 2023. The Tianjian Automotive Industry Research Team sorted out the industrial policies and management methods related to power battery recycling, and reviewed the development and process of my country's new energy vehicle power battery recycling management. In June 2012, the State Council issued the "Energy Saving and New Energy Automobile Industry Plan 2012-2020". Article 5 of the main tasks of the plan mentioned the need to strengthen the cascade utilization and recycling management of power batteries. The main tasks proposed include: formulating management measures for power battery recycling, establishing a battery cascade utilization and recycling management system, and clarifying the responsibilities, powers and obligations of all parties. Guide power battery manufacturers to strengthen the recycling of used batteries and encourage the development of specialized battery recycling companies. Strictly set the access conditions for power battery recycling enterprises, and clarify the technical standards and management requirements for power battery collection, storage, transportation, processing, recycling and final disposal. Strengthen supervision, urge relevant enterprises to improve their technical level, strictly implement various environmental protection regulations, and strictly prevent heavy metal pollution. In July 2014, the General Office of the State Council issued guidance on accelerating the promotion and application of new energy. It also required that the construction of an after-sales service system should be accelerated and market access should be further relaxed to encourage and support the investment of social resources in the field of battery leasing and recycling services. . It also requires research and formulation of power battery recycling policies and the establishment and improvement of a waste power battery recycling system. In 2015, my country's power battery production showed explosive growth, with the production of new energy vehicles reaching 379,000 units in 2015. With its explosive growth, battery shipments also showed a strong trend. Judging from the trend of power batteries in the past five years, before 2014, output only maintained a slight growth. Until 2015, power battery shipments climbed to 15.7Gwh, an increase of nearly three times year-on-year. While the power battery market is showing a good development trend, at the same time, in order to implement the requirements of relevant documents of the State Council, we must take precautions to guide the standardized development of the industry. In 2016, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Commerce, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine jointly issued the "Electric Vehicle Power Battery Recycling Technology Policy (2015 Edition)". The introduction of the policy mainly has the following three purposes : Strengthen technical guidance and specifications for the recycling of electric vehicle power batteries. Clarify the management methods and scope, which are applicable to the design and production of power batteries, as well as the collection, classification, storage, transportation, cascade utilization, and recycling of used power batteries. Clearly establish a power battery coding system and establish a traceability system. It is clear that a coding system will be adopted for power battery products. The specific coding work will be the responsibility of the manufacturer. The national automotive standardization authority should formulate coding standards for power battery products as soon as possible. Clarify the responsible party for power battery recycling. To implement the extended producer responsibility system, electric vehicle manufacturers (including importers, the same below), power battery manufacturers (including importers, the same below) and cascade utilization battery manufacturers (hereinafter referred to as "cascade utilization enterprises") shall bear respective responsibilities. The main responsibility for recycling the power batteries used in their respective productions is that scrap car recycling and dismantling companies should be responsible for recycling the power batteries on scrap cars. Guide relevant companies to establish a power battery recycling system that links upstream and downstream companies to prevent disorderly development of the industry. Encourage the cascade utilization of qualified used power batteries to save costs and improve resource utilization. Encourage electric vehicle and power battery manufacturing companies to cooperate with waste power battery recycling companies to determine whether cascade utilization can be carried out based on the actual conditions such as the capacity, charge and discharge characteristics, and safety of used power batteries. In February 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology formulated and issued the "Industry Specification Conditions for the Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles" and the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Industry Standards for the Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles", aiming to strengthen and strengthen the use of waste power batteries of new energy vehicles. Comprehensive utilization of industry management, standardize industry development, promote resource utilization, large-scale and high-value utilization of waste power batteries, and improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources. Establish industry standard conditions for the layout and construction conditions, scale, equipment and technology, comprehensive utilization and energy consumption, environmental protection, product quality and vocational education, safety production, occupational health and social responsibility of relevant enterprises. In January 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the Energy Bureau issued the "Interim Measures for the Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles". The responsibilities of battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, battery recycling service outlets, end-of-life automobile recycling and dismantling enterprises, comprehensive utilization enterprises, echelon utilization enterprises, and recycling enterprises are clearly defined. In order to implement the "Interim Measures for the Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles", in February 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in conjunction with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the Energy Administration issued the "Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles" Pilot Implementation Plan. Select areas with a large number of new energy vehicles, a good foundation for power battery recycling, strong regional motivation, and enthusiasm to carry out power battery recycling pilots. The pilot content mainly includes four aspects: 1. Build a recycling system. Automobile manufacturers, battery manufacturers, scrapped car recycling and dismantling companies, and comprehensive utilization companies must cooperate to build and share battery recycling channels. 2. Encourage upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry chain to establish information exchange and close cooperation and explore diversified business models. 3. Encourage responsible enterprises to develop waste battery recycling and recycling technologies and promote the innovative application of advanced technologies. 4. Pilot areas should establish and improve policy incentive mechanisms to promote the recycling of power batteries. The implementation plan also stipulates the scope of pilot work in selected areas in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions, and provides instructions on the organization and implementation, management content and safeguard measures of the pilot work. On July 23, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration for Market Regulation and the Energy Administration jointly issued a notice, "Notice on the Pilot Work on the Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles." According to the requirements of the "New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Recycling Pilot Implementation Plan", after reviewing the new energy vehicle power battery recycling pilot implementation plans applied by relevant regions and enterprises, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Shanxi Province, and Shanghai were finally selected. City, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, Henan Province, Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningbo City, Xiamen City and China Tower Co., Ltd. For pilot areas and enterprises. And in accordance with the requirements in the "Implementation Plan", twelve specific work tasks are proposed. On July 3, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued Order No. 35 on the "Interim Provisions on the Traceability Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles". Requirements, regulations require that on August 1, 2018, traceability management will be implemented for new energy vehicle products that have newly obtained the "Announcement" and imported new energy vehicles that have newly obtained compulsory product certification, and traceability management will be implemented for echelon-used battery tea products. Automobile manufacturers, end-of-life vehicle recycling and dismantling companies, secondary utilization companies and recycling companies complete the collection and upload of traceability information through the traceability management platform, and ultimately realize the entire process of power battery production, sales, use, scrapping, recycling and utilization. Collect information and monitor the performance of recycling responsibilities by entities in each link. Statistics show that some advantageous enterprises in my country that use advanced equipment and processes have lead recovery rates of over 99%, exceeding the lead recovery level of 98% in developed countries. Moreover, a formal dismantling and refining plant needs to go through environmental assessment and other procedures, and it needs to have a wastewater treatment process. Wastewater treatment can only be discharged after it meets the standards. Environmental protection standards are high. However, the comprehensive utilization rate of illegal smelting "three-no enterprises" is low, generally only 80%-85%, and the highest is no more than 90%. Chen Zhonghua, director of the National Environmental Protection Lead-acid Battery Production and Recycling Pollution Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Center, pointed out that 80% of the pollution in my country's lead-acid battery industry is concentrated in the recycling and circulation links. In the collection process, due to the difficulty and high cost of handling lead-containing acid, a small number of collectors are tempted to illegally dismantle waste lead-acid batteries and dump the acid, causing environmental pollution. A previous joint survey by the CCID Research Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Battery Environmental Protection Industry Alliance and other institutions showed that 80% of waste lead-acid battery recycling in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is controlled by illegal social sources, and 80% of the raw materials of regular recycled lead companies also come from illegal sources. channel. In the utilization process, the utilization and disposal process of waste lead-acid batteries will produce waste water, waste gas, and waste residue. If not handled properly, it will pollute the atmosphere, water, and soil. In addition, the illegal regeneration process of waste lead-acid batteries is simple, easy to flow, and difficult to supervise. Waste lead-acid batteries cause "big pollution". "Cases" occur from time to time, causing widespread concern in society. At the beginning of 2019, an illegal lead smelting site was investigated in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province. Four suspects made illegal profits of more than 10 million yuan in a year and a half. At least 20 million yuan is needed to restore the local ecology. Heavy pollution control to break the pollution dilemma: In fact, in order to standardize the recycling and processing of used lead-acid batteries, relevant national departments have successively introduced a variety of policies and measures in recent years. Dating back to December 2016, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Implementation Plan for the Extended Producer Responsibility System", taking the lead in implementing the extended producer responsibility system for four categories of products including lead-acid batteries. The "Plan" clarifies that the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment are responsible for formulating and issuing management measures for lead-acid battery recycling and implementing extended producer responsibilities, which will be completed by the end of 2019. In order to prevent and control the environmental risks of waste lead-acid batteries, at the beginning of this year, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the National Development and Reform Commission and other nine departments jointly issued the "Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Waste Lead-acid Battery Pollution" to jointly carry out waste lead-acid battery pollution prevention and control actions and rectify the illegal collection of waste lead-acid batteries. To deal with environmental pollution, implement the extended producer responsibility system and improve the standard collection and treatment rate of waste lead-acid batteries. By 2020, lead-acid battery manufacturers will achieve a regulated collection rate of 40% of waste lead-acid batteries through the implementation of the extended producer responsibility system; by 2025, the regulated collection rate of waste lead-acid batteries will reach 70%; all waste lead-acid batteries collected under the standard will be safely used and disposed of . Since then, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Transport have jointly issued the "Pilot Work Plan for the Centralized Collection and Inter-regional Transfer System of Lead-acid Battery Manufacturing Enterprises" and proposed that by 2020, the centralized collection and inter-regional transfer system of lead-acid batteries in the pilot areas will be initially established to effectively prevent and control waste lead. Regarding the environmental risks of batteries, the standard recycling rate of waste lead-acid batteries in the pilot areas reached over 40% by the pilot units. "In order to prevent and control waste lead-acid battery pollution, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment will coordinate with relevant departments to promote the establishment of a standardized and orderly collection and processing system, strengthen the standardized management of the recycled lead industry, severely crack down on illegal and criminal activities involving waste lead-acid batteries, establish a long-term mechanism for pollution prevention and control, and promote Green and high-quality development of the lead-acid battery industry.”

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