The U.S. Fuel Cell Technology Office (FCTO) is developing an on-board hydrogen storage system that can provide a range of more than 300 miles while meeting cost, safety and performance requirements. Why study hydrogen storage technology? Hydrogen storage is a key technology to improve the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in stationary energy, portable energy and transportation. Hydrogen has the highest energy per unit mass of any fuel; however, its low ambient temperature density results in lower energy per unit volume, necessitating the development of advanced storage methods with the potential for higher energy density. Hydrogen can be stored in physical devices as a gas or liquid. Storing hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks (350–700 bar [5,000–10,000 psi] tank pressure). Storing hydrogen as a liquid requires low temperatures because hydrogen has a boiling point of ?252.8°C at one atmosphere. Hydrogen can also be stored on solid surfaces (by adsorption) or within solids (by absorption). FCTO conducts research and development activities to advance hydrogen storage system technology and develop new hydrogen storage materials. The goal is to provide sufficient hydrogen storage to meet U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hydrogen storage goals for onboard light vehicles, material handling equipment and portable power applications. By 2020, FCTO's goal is to develop and validate on-board hydrogen storage systems, achieving goals that enable hydrogen-fueled vehicle platforms to meet customer performance expectations for range, passenger and cargo space, refueling time and overall vehicle performance. Specific system targets include: 1.5kWh/kg system (4.5wt.% hydrogen) 1.0kWh/l system (0.030kg hydrogen/liter) $10/kWh ($333/kg hydrogen storage capacity). In conjunction with the Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence, analytical activities are conducted to determine the current status of materials-based storage system technologies. The Hydrogen Materials Advanced Research Consortium (hymarc) conducts fundamental research to understand the interactions between hydrogen and materials related to the formation and release of hydrogen from hydrogen storage materials. Challenges High-density hydrogen storage is a challenge for stationary and portable applications and remains a significant challenge for transportation applications. Currently available storage methods typically require large-capacity systems to store gaseous hydrogen. For stationary applications this is less of an issue as the footprint of the compressed gas tank may not be as critical. U.S. light vehicle sales by miles driven. However, fuel cell-powered vehicles require enough hydrogen to provide a driving range of more than 300 miles, allowing the vehicle to be refueled quickly and easily. While some lightweight hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are already on the market, these vehicles will rely on stored compressed gas using large-capacity, high-pressure composite vessels. The large amount of storage required may be less of an impact for larger vehicles, but providing adequate hydrogen storage on all lightweight platforms remains a challenge. The chart above shows that most vehicles sold today are capable of exceeding this minimum. Comparison of specific energy (mass energy or weight density) and energy density (volume energy or volume density) of several fuels based on lower heating values. On a mass basis, hydrogen has almost three times the energy of gasoline, with hydrogen having 120MJ/kg compared to gasoline's 44MJ/kg. However, on a volumetric basis, the situation is reversed: liquid hydrogen has a density of 8mJ/l, while gasoline has a density of 32mJ/l, as shown in the figure, comparing the energy density of the fuels based on their lower heating values. The on-board hydrogen storage capacity is 5–13 kg to meet the driving range of the full range of light vehicle platforms. To overcome these challenges, the FCTO is pursuing two strategic pathways targeting short-term and long-term solutions. Recent approaches have focused on compressed gas storage, using advanced pressure vessels made of fiber-reinforced composite materials capable of reaching pressures of 700 bar, with a major emphasis on reducing system costs. Long-term pathways focus on (1) cold or cryogenic compressed hydrogen storage, where increasing hydrogen density and insulating pressure vessels can achieve DOE goals; and (2) materials-based hydrogen storage technologies, including sorbents, chemical hydrogen storage materials, and metal hydrides , with potential performance. Meet the Department of Energy’s hydrogen storage goals.

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