The active substance on the positive plate of a lead-acid battery is lead dioxide, while the active substance on the negative plate is sponge like pure lead. The electrolyte is a certain concentration of sulfuric acid solution, and the electromotive force between the plates is about 2V

　　The active substance on the positive plate of a nickel cadmium battery is nickel oxide powder, while the active substance on the negative plate is cadmium oxide powder. The active substance is wrapped in perforated steel strips, and after pressure forming, it becomes the positive and negative plates of the battery. The electrolyte usually uses potassium hydroxide solution. The open circuit voltage of the battery is 1.2 V

　　The positive electrode material of the nickel metal hydrogen battery is nickel oxide powder, the negative electrode material is hydrogen absorbing alloy, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution., The open circuit voltage of the battery is 1.2V. The lithium-ion battery uses LiCoO2 composite metal oxides to form an anode on an aluminum plate, and lithium carbon compounds to form a cathode on a copper plate. There are submicron sized microporous polyolefin film separators between the plates, and the electrolyte is an organic solvent. The open circuit voltage is 3.6V

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