Introduction to the application technology of nanomaterials in 12V27A battery

Abstract: The small pore size effect and surface effect of nanomaterials are closely related to the active materials in chemical power sources. After the active materials as electrodes are nanosized, the surface increases, the current density decreases, the polarization decreases, and the capacitance increases, thus having better electrochemical activity. In particular, the most characteristic one-dimensional nanomaterial, carbon nanotubes, has made major breakthroughs in the research as new lithium storage materials, electrochemical energy storage materials and high-performance composite materials, thus opening up a new field of scientific research.

1 Alkaline zinc-manganese battery materials

11 Nanoscale γ-MnO2

Xia Xi et al. synthesized nanoscale γMnO2 using sol-gel method, microemulsion method and low-heat solid-phase reaction method as positive electrode materials for alkaline manganese 12V27A battery. It was found that the purity was poor, but mixing with EMD in the best ratio could greatly improve the discharge capacity of the second electron equivalent, that is, a mixing effect could occur. If the purity of the obtained nano γMnO2 is high, the discharge capacity itself is better than EMD.

12 Bi-doped modified nano-MnO2

Xia Xi et al. synthesized modified MnO2 by adding Bi2O3. The discharge capacity was improved to varying degrees by mixing nano- and micro-scale modified BiMnO2, and there was an optimal ratio. By adding Bi to form a series of BiMn complexes with different valence states during the charge and discharge process, the formation of Mn3O4 was effectively inhibited, which can greatly improve the rechargeability of the electrode.

13 Nano-scale α-MnO2

Nano-αMnO2 without impurity cations was synthesized by solid phase reaction method. The particle size was less than 50nm, and its electrochemical activity was high. The discharge capacity was larger than that of conventional particle size EMD, especially suitable for heavy load discharge, showing good depolarization performance, and had certain development and application potential.

14 Nano-scale ZnO

A small amount of ZnO should be added to the electrolyte in alkaline manganese battery to inhibit the self-discharge of zinc negative electrode in the electrolyte. The more uniform the dispersion of ZnO in the electrolyte, the more conducive it is to controlling self-discharge. Nano ZnO has been used in medicine and other fields in my country. As alkaline manganese 12V27A battery are moving towards mercury-free, the use of nano ZnO is one of the optional methods. The key to application is to pay attention to the surface modification of nano ZnO materials.

15 Nano-scale In2O3

In2O3 is one of the choices for inorganic mercury-replacing corrosion inhibitors for alkaline manganese 12V27A battery. At present, high-purity nano In2O3 for mercury-free alkaline manganese 12V27A battery has been developed and produced. This material has the characteristics of large specific surface area, good dispersibility, and better corrosion inhibition effect. It has a good effect of inhibiting gas generation when applied to mercury-free alkaline manganese 12V27A battery.

2 Application in MH/Ni 12V27A battery

21 Nano-scale Ni(OH)2 Zhou Zhen et al. prepared nano-scale Ni(OH)2 by precipitation conversion method and found that nano-scale Ni(OH)2 has higher electrochemical reaction reversibility and faster activation ability than micron-scale Ni(OH)2. The electrode made of this material has less polarization in the electrochemical redox process, high charging efficiency, more full utilization of active substances, and shows the characteristics of higher discharge potential. Zhao Li et al. prepared nano βNi(OH)2 by microemulsion method, with a particle size of 40-70nm. This method is easier to control the size of nanoparticles, and the prepared nanomaterials are spherical or ellipsoidal, which is suitable for certain occasions with special requirements for particle shape, such as as an additive for nickel hydroxide electrodes. Doping in a certain proportion can significantly improve the utilization rate of Ni(OH)2, especially when the discharge current is large, the utilization rate can be increased by 12%. 22 Nanocrystalline hydrogen storage alloy

Chen Zhaohui et al. prepared nanocrystalline LaNi5[6] by arc melting high-energy ball milling method, with an average particle size of about 20nm. Compared with the electrode prepared by coarse-grained LaNi5, the electrode prepared by this material has a comparable discharge capacity and better activation characteristics, but its cycle life is shorter.

3 Lithium-ion battery materials

31 Cathode materials—Nano-LiCoO2

Xia Xi et al. prepared nano-LiCoO2 by gel method, with a discharge capacity of 103 mAh/g, a charge capacity of 109 mAh/g, and a long platform at 39 V, which significantly improved the discharge platform and cycle stability, but no mixing effect was observed. Nano-LiCoO2 was synthesized by low-heat solid-phase reaction method, and a mixing effect was found: mixed with conventional LiCoO2 in a certain proportion, and made into a battery test, the charge capacity can reach 132 mAh/g, the discharge capacity is 125 mAh/g, and the discharge platform is at 39 V. Since the nanoparticles increase the specific surface area, Li+ is easier to embed and remove, and the polarization phenomenon is weakened. The cycle performance is significantly improved compared with conventional LiCoO2, showing better performance.

32 Nano-anode materials

The research work of "Carbon Nanotubes and Other Nanomaterials" of Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has achieved phased results. The interlayer distance of the prepared carbon nanotubes is 0.34 nm, slightly larger than the interlayer distance of graphite 0.335 nm, which is conducive to the embedding and extraction of Li+. Its special cylindrical configuration not only allows Li+ to be embedded from both the outer wall and the inner wall, but also prevents the damage of the negative electrode material caused by the peeling of the graphite layer caused by the embedding of solvated Li+. Experiments show that using this material as an additive or as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion 12V27A battery alone can significantly improve the embedding capacity and stability of the negative electrode material. The Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc. prepared single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes by organic catalytic pyrolysis. Their research shows that using carbon nanotubes as electrodes can achieve a specific capacity of 1100 mAh/g, and the cycle performance is stable. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology used porous zeolite crystals as carriers and successfully developed the smallest, thinnest and most regularly arranged 0.4 nm single-walled carbon nanotubes for the first time, and then found that it exhibits special one-dimensional superconducting properties below the superconducting temperature of 15°C.

4 Capacitor materials

The composite power system composed of rechargeable 12V27A battery and capacitors has aroused great interest, especially the rise of environmentally friendly electric vehicle research. This composite power system can provide high-power power when the car starts, climbs, and brakes, thereby reducing the restrictions on high-power discharge of 12V27A battery for electric vehicles, greatly extending the cycle life of 12V27A battery, and thus improving the practicality of electric vehicles. In recent years, the research on nanocarbon materials represented by carbon nanotubes and their application as electrode materials have opened up new avenues for the research of higher-performance electrochemical supercapacitors. Tsinghua University uses catalytic cracking of propylene and hydrogen mixed gas to prepare carbon nanotube raw materials, and then uses the process of adding binders or high-temperature hot pressing to prepare carbon nanotube solid electrodes. Through appropriate surface treatment, the obtained carbon nanotube electrodes have extremely high specific surface area utilization. The double-layer Faraday capacitor is prepared using a composite electrode of carbon nanotubes and RuO2. When the specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes is 150m2/g, the capacitance can reach about 20F/g. Tsinghua University has prepared laboratory samples with a capacitance of 100F. In terms of making full use of the surface characteristics and hollow structure of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes are currently the most ideal supercapacitor materials.

5 Conclusion

a The advancement of materials will inevitably promote the advancement of 12V27A battery. Therefore, nanomaterial technology has a very broad prospect in the field of electrochemistry. It can not only make the performance of traditional 12V27A battery reach a new height, but also is expected to develop a new type of power source.

b Since the research on nanomaterials is mostly in the laboratory stage, how to produce nanoparticles with controllable particle size, solve the agglomeration problem of these particles during storage and transportation, simplify the synthesis method, and reduce costs are issues that should be paid attention to in future practical applications.

c When nanomaterial technology is applied in 12V27A battery, attention should be paid to the matching of related processes and comprehensive consideration of costs, such as utilizing the mixing effect of materials, rather than simply considering material replacement.

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