The terms atomic battery, Atomic battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device that uses energy from a radioactive isotope to generate power attenuation. Like nuclear reactors, they produce electricity and atomic energy, but the difference is that they do not use chain reactions. Compared to other batteries, they are very expensive, but have an extremely long lifespan and high energy density. Therefore, they are mainly used for unmanned equipment, which must be used for a long period of time, such as spacecraft, pacemakers, underwater systems, and automation as power sources in scientific research stations in remote areas of the world.

　　Atomic battery technology began in 1913 when Henry Mosley first demonstrated β Cells. This field has received considerable research attention for applications that require long-lived power sources in the space requirements of the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954, RCA studied small Radio receiver and hearing aids with small atomic batteries. Due to the initial research and development of RCA in the early 1950s, many different types and methods were aimed at extracting electricity from nuclear energy. The principles of science are well-known, but modern nanoscale technology and new wide bandgap semiconductors have created new devices and interesting material properties that were not previously available.

　　International batteries are developing energy that provides a long lifespan (10-20 years) using radioactive isotope decay. Conversion techniques can be divided into two types: thermal and non thermal. The thermal converter (whose temperature difference in output power is a function) includes thermoelectric and thermionic generators. A small portion of the incident energy extracted from a non thermal converter (whose output power temperature difference is not a function) is degraded into heat, rather than using thermal energy to operate electrons in one cycle. Atomic batteries typically have an efficiency of 0.1-5%. The high efficiency of beta voltage is 6-8%.

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