It was first used in cardiac pacemaker. The self discharge rate of lithium battery is extremely low, and the discharge voltage is gentle. The pacemaker implanted into the human body can operate for a long time without recharging. Lithium batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, which is more suitable for use as power supplies for integrated circuits. Manganese dioxide batteries are widely used in calculators, digital cameras and watches.

　　In order to develop varieties with better performance, various materials have been studied. Thus, unprecedented products can be produced. For example, lithium sulfur dioxide batteries and lithium thionyl chloride batteries are very special. Their positive active substance is also the solvent of electrolyte. This kind of structure can only appear in the electrochemical system of nonaqueous solution. Therefore, the research of lithium battery also promotes the development of electrochemical theory of non-aqueous system. In addition to using various nonaqueous solvents, polymer thin film batteries have also been studied.

　　In 1992, Sony successfully developed lithium ion battery. Its practicality has greatly reduced the weight and volume of people's mobile phones, laptops, calculators and other portable electronic devices. The use time is greatly extended. Because lithium ion batteries do not contain heavy metal cadmium, compared with nickel cadmium batteries, the pollution to the environment is greatly reduced.

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